Different Study Designs When Investigating Cognitive And...

1. There are various advantages and disadvantages of different study designs when investigating cognitive and neural ageing using neuroimaging. Several theories of cognitive ageing have been based on cross-sectional designs where there is a common understanding that multifarious age studies can lead to a better understanding of the propinquity among age-related processes (Hofer, Sliwinski and Flaherty, 2002). This method is proven to be cost effective, renders quick results, and is the best way to determine prevalence and identifying associations within a group (Mann, 2003). However, Salthouse (2009) pointed out that comparisons of people of different ages at a particular time does not necessarily express changes that will arise within an individual as he ages. He explained that confounding factors, such as maturation, which refers to the person growing older and undergoing different experiences and influences, must be determined in each participant to know how each one h as been effected. Raz and Kennedy (2009) also identified in a review that cross-sectional studies have often only focused on specific parts of the brain in imaging studies, such as the prefrontal cortex, but many longitudinal studies present larger age-related structural changes in the inferior parietal cortex, the hippocampus, and the cerebellum. Compared to cross-sectional studies, research on ageing have argued that longitudinal is the most practical way to obtain reliable data, stating that,

The Mental Zones Of Sigmund Freud - 1016 Words

Sigmund Freud is best known for his development and use of psychoanalysis. The theory of psychoanalysis focuses on the concept of how our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and emotions play an active role in our daily lives. The id, ego, and superego are the three mental zones that encompass our psyche. Each zone has a specific function: The id functions on the pleasure principle; the ego on the protection of the individual; and the superego on protection of society. The degree of which each zone has been developed can be broken down and then analyzed. These three zones can be visualized by imagining a pie cut into three slices. Every individual is composed of different amounts of each mental zone. The goal is to achieve the perfect balance†¦show more content†¦The use of any one or combination of defense mechanisms can be extraordinarily harmful when used indiscriminately. A multitude of studies have been done to discover different results of immature defense mechanisms and have begun to identify ties with various clinical and pathological dysfunctions Repression is one of the most common defense mechanisms found in human behavior, which has resulted in a large magnitude of studies done on how to treat patients in psychotherapy dealing with its harmful effects. Repression takes place in the unconscious superego functioning and can be explained as a sort of motivated amnesia. An example of repression is an individual who suffers from acrophobia who cannot remember when he became afraid of heights is experiencing repression of the memory of the anxiety-provoking occurrence with heights. Although repression is an extremely common defense mechanism, it is also a potentially extremely harmful defense as well. Along with repression, denial is found to be another one of the most commonly used defense mechanisms in human behavior. Denial involves the blocking of external events from entry into awareness by negating possibly anxious experiences. In other words, an individual experiencing denial simply does not acknowledge that the stressful event has occurred. For example, a woman who just went through a break-up continues to refer to her ex-boyfriend as her boyfriend in daily conversations. By continuing to talk about himShow MoreRelated The Three Elements of Personality by Sigmund Freud777 Words   |  4 Pages Introduction Of Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud was one of the trailblazers of modern-day psychology. After several years of clinical practice, Sigmund Freud became concern about finding a new way to cure his patients. He developed a new way of treatment, the psychoanalytic therapy based on the existence of the unconscious. According to his theory, our behavior is driven by sexual and destructive feelings. Freud mentions in his psychoanalytical theory of personality there are five stages of psychosexualRead MoreEssay about Oedipus the King and Oedipus Complex612 Words   |  3 Pages Oedipus Rex, is a Sophocles play, that according to Freud exemplifies a formative stage in a individuals psychosexual development. The psychosexual stages are the age related developmental periods in which sexual impulses are exerted through different bodily zones and then activities are associated with those areas in the bodily zones. These is when a young child will transfer his love object from the breast to the mother. When the child gives up the breast and movesRead MoreTheoretical Views Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagesin history of psychology such as; Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, and William James. Each psychologist’s mentioned has proposed their own reasoning behind the psychological functions and causes of human behavior. Each doctor of psychology has their own perspective as to why a person behaves the way that they do. Take Sigmund Freud for instance, he believed the unconscious mind had a strong influence on human behavior. (Cherry, 2011). According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influenceRead MoreThe Oedipus Complex And The Electra Complex1032 Words   |  5 PagesSigmund Freud’s declaration that â€Å"neuroses†¦can be derived only from disturbances in sexual life† (94), challenged the prevailing societal attitudes of his day regarding mental health, childhood development, and human sexuality. Freud explored the inner life of c hildren developing into adulthood by reviving mythological stories of incest, brutality, and obsessive self-love: The Oedipus Complex and the Electra Complex, both variations on the theme of destructive love, murdering the same-sex parentRead MoreSigmund Freud: A Very Brief Biography1582 Words   |  7 Pages INTRO Sigmund Freud is considered one of the most influential figures in modern psychology. He is best known as the father of psychoanalysis. He developed several important theories of personality, including the theories of mind, the id, the ego, and the superego, life and death instincts, psychosexual development, and defense mechanisms. He also published many books that helped shape psychology into what it is today. EARLY LIFE Sigismund Schlomo Freud was born in Moravia, Czech RepublicRead MoreSigmund Freud : The Psychology World1482 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis who took the psychology world by storm. He is regarded as one of the most influential, and controversial, minds of the twentieth century who created an entirely new approach to the understanding of the human personality. Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia known today as Pribor in the Czech Republic. He grew up in a not so traditional family setting with his parents, two stepbrothers, and nephew. He was theRead MoreThe Theory Of Sexuality By Sigmund Freud1654 Words   |  7 Pagesof animals, an instinct that is genetically programmed into us for the purpose of copulation. This is made to seem analogous to the instinct of hunger or thirst and taking nourishment (15). In his book, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, Sigmund Freud challenges these conventional views of the subject. While there are translational inconsistencies with his use of the word instinct, the term drive actually substantiates his theory. He argues that sexuality begins in childhood and can developRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology1356 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist, also known as the founding father of Psychoanalysis. Freud discovered psychoanalysis by organizing ide as and information from different theories and clinical observations. Psychoanalysis is A method of analyzing psychic phenomena and treating mental and emotional disorders that is based on the concepts and theories of Sigmund Freud, that emphasizes the importance of free association and dream analysis, and that involves treatment sessions during which theRead MoreReaction Paper of Sigmund Freud1227 Words   |  5 PagesGiulia Valeria Cavallari Central Philippine University BS Psychology 1 Reaction Paper on Sigmund Freud works Heroically, Freud dominated the 20 the century. Indeed from his birth in 1856 to his death in 1939, Freud’s contribution to psychology and a host of other areas of human endeavor has been so outstanding and far reaching that it may be very difficult to envision several aspects of popular culture without a Freudian perspective. Moreover, while it hasRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology1299 Words   |  6 Pagesand touch known as the â€Å"mesmeric pass† (Kirsch et.al., 1995). Psychoanalysis was introduced by Sigmund Freud. Freud conceptualized the mind, metaphorically, as an ancient, buried ruin which had to been unearthed much like an archeologist would unearth the treasures of an ancient civilization. Freud s influence can be traced from his hard core natural science background as a student of neurology. Freud s version of psychoanalysis had its predecessor in the work with hysterics conducted by neurologists

Service Marketing Services

Question: Write an essay on Service Marketing? Answer: The main characteristics of services that are provided by the different organisations are that they are intangible and are perishable. Services are thus those that cannot be touched only the benefits are felt and sensed. There are various ways by which the services can be provided to the people (Baron, 2010). The services are measured by the extended Ps of marketing. They are physical evidence, people, and process. These three are the main pillars on which the services are based. The physical evidence is the area or the atmosphere where the service is provided by the employees of the company or the organisation to the people. The people are the employees who provide the services to the customers and the processes are the way the services are provided to the people (Ruskin-Brown, 2005). It needs to be seen that the services are encountered by the people and the people develops an image about the quality of the services that they receive. The services are perishable which indicates that the services that are offered to the people should be availed immediately in order to derive the benefit out of it. It cannot be stored in the shelf like a product. Moreover it is seen that the service cannot be separated from the service provider (Ng Forbes, 2009). The same level of service cannot be provided by same service provider to the same customer all the time. More over it is seen that the service differs from one service providers to another, and one customer cannot expect the same level of satisfaction each time he or she avails the service (Longà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Tolbert Gammoh, 2012). The services are different from the product in all the aspect, but both needs extensive promotion in order to make them sell in the market. There are different sectors where the services are provided. They range from the hotel, restaurants, hospitals, airlines to schools and colleges. Each of these sectors have different means by which they provide services to the people. Often it is seen that the product offers after sale services, warranties to the people, which are a form of service that they provide in order to make the product more competitive in the market (Kwortnik Thompson, 2008). The level of hard work and the performance of the service provider, the innovative ways of delivering the services, the atmosphere, ambience of the building adds to the quality of the service that are provided and make them worst as well as the best services encountered. There are various situations where I have taken the service from in different forms and I have gained some experience from the service encounters that I had. It can be said that all the services that I have encountered were not good, but there were others that were exceptionally good (Sergius Koku, 2009). These experiences made me analyse those so that I can implement them in the near future while I avail the services which are similar to the ones that I have received. The worst services provided by an organisation as well as the organisation that are doing a good job are analysed based on my personal experience. Worst experience Hotel Pennsylvania - New York Date of encounter- 11.4.15 The industry is hotel industry The hotel is situated in New York and is known as one of the renowned hotel in the area. The hotel has 1705 guest rooms and 2 restrooms where the breakfast is available. WiFi is available in the lobby and is located at a prime location, form where the Empire State Building, Times Square, and the Madison Square Garden are close. There are superior double bedroom, triple room, as well as suite in the hotel from which the people can choose any type of rooms according to their need. I was at the hotel with my family to for a purpose to spend two days at the hotel, as we were spending the time for a holiday at New York. At the time of the stay at the hotel we were not satisfied to the extent that we should have been during our stay at the hotel, though the servicescape was good (Pauwels Ruyter, 2005). On the first day of our stay, we did not face any problem, though the service was not good. The receptionist was not welcoming to the extent they should have been and it was like that they are doing just a formality in welcoming us. We had taken our pet dog along with us, though they allow pets in the rooms but they were nit approving of the idea of keeping the dog in the room. More over the room service was not on time and they did not maintain the time that we were told. When we went to the lobby in the hotel with our pet dog we were told that the dog was not allowed in the lobby. With this type of behaviour we were not very satisfied since we did not receive this kind of behaviour in the past in any place (Sharma, 2008). We were very hurt due to the fact that the hotel authority was not very appreciative of our stay at the hotel, from the first day. The hotel authority would have made us feel comfortable from the first day of the stay. They could have allowed the pet to roam about with us at all the places that we went in the hotel. More over the hotel could have made an apology statement to us for telling us harshly in front of the others in the area. At the time of leaving they did not show the courtesy to tell us to visit the hotel again and thanked us for the stay (Svari, Sltten, Svensson Edvardsson, 2011). After this service encounter, we have decided that we will not go and take the services from them in the future. The management authority should always look for the happiness of the people who stays in the hotel, and should make the utmost try to make them feel at home. Best services Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston The hospital was very useful to me and provided me with the greatest services that seemed to be like a flawless visit, from the beginning to the end. There take a genuine care of all the patients in the hospital. I was in the radiology department and the instrument were very modern. The doctors and the nurse practitioners were very caring as well as thorough and they communicate with each other and consult with others so that they can take the best care of the patient. The patients are asked to complete a thorough questionnaire about the condition in which the patient is. The questionnaire leaves no areas untouched, so the patient feels satisfied that all the aspects are looked after (Dalakas, 2006). I was very satisfied with the surgery and after that I was inspected at the hospital at regular interval until I was fully recovered (Harris, Baron Parker, 2000). The doctors and the nurses were friendly to make the patient feel at ease and they took utmost care so that the patient can overcome the fear of the treatment. There are other services that they offer. My parents were informed about the success of the operation over the telephone so that they could wait outside to see me after I am taken out of the operation theatre (Woratschek Horbel, 2006). The services that they provide are excellent right from the reception at the time of entering to the time of leaving the hospital. The family of the patient are relieved to leave the patient in the hospital as they know that they will be looked after very well in here. I as well as my family come here all the time and make recommendations to others as well for the treatment. From this experiences that I had in the two services industry I have generated two different set of perspectives based on my perception level. The services are based on the credibility of the service provider in providing the services. The Flower of Service states that there are two types of supplementary services like the facilitating services and the enhancing services. The facilitating services are the information gathering, order taking, billing and the payment. The enhancing services are the consultation with the people, the hospitality that is given, safekeeping of the things in the office, and the exceptions or the extra services that are provided to the people. Thus it is seen in the cases of the two examples that I have given it is seen that I have fulfilled all the facilitating services, but the enhancing services are what that make the difference to the level of perception that the people have (Warnaby, 2009). The hospitality that the people get along with the extra services that they get and expect to get, are different for the different people. Thus in my case the same happened, in the hotel I did not perceive the level of satisfaction that I was expecting and that I got. In case of the hospital the level of service that I got was more than my expectations thus I was overwhelmed. References Baron, S. (2010).Service marketing. London: SAGE. Dalakas, V. (2006). The Importance of a Good Ending in a Service Encounter.Services Marketing Quarterly,28(1), 35-53. doi:10.1300/j396v28n01_03 Harris, K., Baron, S., Parker, C. (2000). Understanding the Consumer Experience: It's 'Good To Talk'.Journal Of Marketing Management,16(1-3), 111-127. doi:10.1362/026725700785100505 Kwortnik, R., Thompson, G. (2008). Unifying Service Marketing and Operations With Service Experience Management.Journal Of Service Research,11(4), 389-406. doi:10.1177/1094670509333595 Kwortnik, R., Thompson, G. (2008). Unifying Service Marketing and Operations With Service Experience Management.Journal Of Service Research,11(4), 389-406. doi:10.1177/1094670509333595 Longà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Tolbert, S., Gammoh, B. (2012). In good and bad times: the interpersonal nature of brand love in service relationships.Journal Of Services Marketing,26(6), 391-402. doi:10.1108/08876041211257882 Ng, I., Forbes, J. (2009). Education as Service: The Understanding of University Experience Through the Service Logic.Journal Of Marketing For Higher Education,19(1), 38-64. doi:10.1080/08841240902904703 Pauwels, P., Ruyter, K. (2005).Research on international service marketing. Amsterdam: Elsevier JAI. Ruskin-Brown, I. (2005).Marketing your service business. London: Thorogood. Sergius Koku, P. (2009). Serviceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ service marketing: relationships between law firms and hospitals.Journal Of Services Marketing,23(3), 165-174. doi:10.1108/08876040910955170 Sharma, S. (2008).Service marketing. Jaipur: Paradise Publishers. Svari, S., Sltten, T., Svensson, G., Edvardsson, B. (2011). A SOS construct of negative emotions in customers' service experience (CSE) and service recovery by firms (SRF).Journal Of Services Marketing,25(5), 323-335. doi:10.1108/08876041111149685 Warnaby, G. (2009). Towards a service-dominant place marketing logic.Marketing Theory,9(4), 403-423. doi:10.1177/1470593109346898 Woratschek, H., Horbel, C. (2006). Are Variety-Seekers Bad Customers?.Journal Of Relationship Marketing,4(3-4), 43-57. doi:10.1300/j366v04n03_04

The Congenital Heart Defect Biology Essay Example For Students

The Congenital Heart Defect Biology Essay The cardiovascular system is composed of the bosom and the circulatory system. Another organ that is closely associated with the cardiovascular system is the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system filters the blood and removes micro-organisms like viruses and bacteriums. The lymphatic fluid besides assists in presenting foods and O to cells. Other constructions of the cardiovascular system include the blood and the blood vass. The vass are hollow tubings that transport blood throughout the organic structure. Arteries, arteriolas, capillaries, venulas and venas allow the blood to go from the bosom. Microcirculation is the procedure through which O, foods, C dioxide and some waste are exchanged between the fluids that surrounds the cells and the blood. Blood is responsible for presenting foods to the cell and removes wastes that are produced during cellular respiration. We will write a custom essay on The Congenital Heart Defect Biology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The bosom is responsible for pumping the blood and provision O through the vass. Urges produced by the bosom cause it to contract and relax ; this contraction and relaxation produce a pulse. The bosom round allows the cardiac rhythm to pump blood to each portion of the organic structure. Another chief map of the cardiovascular system is to take O to all the parts of the organic structure. The parts of the organic structure use the O during metabolic procedures. Another map of the cardiovascular system is to take gaseous waste merchandises from the organic structure. The wastes are removed by traveling them to organs that will either interrupt them down or egest them. The cardiovascular system is besides responsible for the conveyance of foods. The cardiovascular system is a complex system ; and there are many upsets that can originate, doing failure. Congenital Heart Defect What is Congenital Heart Defect? The inborn disease affects the development of the cardiovascular system. The word inborn signifies present at birth. There is a huge assortment of conditions that go under this class. Some of them involve terrible bosom deformities ; other defects affect the blood vass that lead off or into the bosom. Congenital bosom defect arise during bosom development shortly after construct and sometimes even before the female parent is cognizant that she is pregnant. This defect ranges from holes between the bosom Chamberss to the absence of one or more valves or Chamberss. A Normal Heart: Valves Arteries These assist in transporting the blood in a circulatory form. Chambers ( organic structure, bosom, lungs, bosom, organic structure ) All valves and Chamberss should work right in order to pump blood through the bosom to the lungs. When the valves, arterias, venas and Chamberss are malformed, the blood circulation can non take topographic point. Therefore the blood flow slows down, be locked wholly, or even travel in the incorrect way. The inborn bosom defect affects 1 in 100 kids. Causes of Congenital Heart Defects Unknown cause: A For most of the bosom defect there is no exact cause. There are grounds that presume that the defects are familial ; nevertheless there are few cistrons that link to the presence of the defect. Therefore these defects are due to a combination of environmental and familial factors. Normally there is 2 to 15 % opportunity of bosom defect to happen in the household once more. Familial syndrome: The individuals that have inborn bosom defect have a peculiar familial status. This specific status includes other wellness upsets. Peoples with this defect may non cognize it ; and the opportunities for their kids to inherit the status are about 50 % . The badness of this disease varies widely on the kid. Some have more serious and others have less serious wellness jobs. Single cistron: A .uc5588975ebc4010139b304105628445b , .uc5588975ebc4010139b304105628445b .postImageUrl , .uc5588975ebc4010139b304105628445b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc5588975ebc4010139b304105628445b , .uc5588975ebc4010139b304105628445b:hover , .uc5588975ebc4010139b304105628445b:visited , .uc5588975ebc4010139b304105628445b:active { border:0!important; } .uc5588975ebc4010139b304105628445b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc5588975ebc4010139b304105628445b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc5588975ebc4010139b304105628445b:active , .uc5588975ebc4010139b304105628445b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc5588975ebc4010139b304105628445b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc5588975ebc4010139b304105628445b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc5588975ebc4010139b304105628445b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc5588975ebc4010139b304105628445b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc5588975ebc4010139b304105628445b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc5588975ebc4010139b304105628445b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc5588975ebc4010139b304105628445b .uc5588975ebc4010139b304105628445b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc5588975ebc4010139b304105628445b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Huckleberry Finn (812 words) EssayThe inborn bosom defects are seldom caused by a individual cistron alterations. When this is the instance more than one of the individuals in the household have a bosom defect. Therefore the opportunities of holding these defect is 50 % . Environmental exposure: A The inborn disease can be caused besides by something the female parent was exposed during gestation. The female parent was exposed to either drug or an infection. Still the opportunities of holding the bosom defect do that transcend the one of an mean individual. Symptoms of Congenital Heart Disease The symptoms of the inborn defects may look at birth, during childhood or they may non look until maturity. There are inborn defects that may hold no symptoms. Adults: When the symptoms are present in grownups they may see ; Breath shortness The ability to make exercising is limited Babies and kids: Poor eating Breathing fastly Poverty in weight addition Lung infections Exercise inability A How Is Congenital Heart Disease Diagnosed? The sensing of the inborn defect may be detected during cheques to Cardiologist. The sensings include: Abnormal sounds of the bosom Heart mutter The testing is furthered depending on the type of bosom mutter. The testing may include: Cardiac catheterisation X raies on the thorax Electrocardiograms Treatment for Congenital Heart Defects Treatment depends on how terrible the defect is, the age of the kid, the size and besides the general wellness. Soon many of the kids that born with this bosom defect, unrecorded even through maturity and have productive lives. There are instances where the bosom defects are mild. These instances do nt demand intervention. Persons with inborn bosom defect should be dealt by a heart specialist who is specialized in this field. Often visits to the heart specialist are indispensable through childhood and even during maturity. Adults: Surgery Medicines Heart grafts Monitored by a bosom specializer lifelong ( most grownups ) Childs: Surgery Interventional fix process Medicines to better bosom maps Decision Congenital bosom defect affects the construction the bosom construction. Congenital bosom defect as the name implies is present at birth. The most common type of birth defect is inborn bosom defect. The bosom starts to develop after construct. While development of the bosom takes topographic point defects in the construction can happen. These structural defects can include the arterias and venas that are close to the bosom ; and even the valves and walls of the bosom. The inborn bosom defect affects or interrupts the flow of blood into and out of the bosom. These defect cause the blood flow to decelerate down, acquire to the incorrect topographic point and even be blocked wholly. The intervention for inborn bosom defect involves surgery, medicines and even bosom grafts. The medicines and interventions for these defects depend on the patient s wellness and the badness of the disease. Many of the inborn bosom defects acquire to be detected and treated during babyhood. Sadly there are are rare instances in which babes with inborn bosom defects are cured. Over the past 50 old ages at that place has been betterment in the medical, diagnostic and operative maps but still many of the circulations do non work in a normal manner. Many of the patients that go through surgery continue to face cardiac jobs that relate to the inborn defect. Therefore after surgery they should hold a medical follow up. Peoples with old surgeries frequently have to confront with a life full of re operations.

The late 19th and early 20th century essays

The late 19th and early 20th century essays The late 19th and early 20th century was a very extreme time for the United States, mainly in the differences between the rich and the poor. Which is my thesis statement for this research paper. During this era the poor got poorer and the rich got richer, rarely was there a middleclass population. The rich people never paid attention to the poor; they were only concerned with themselves and their well-being. In this paper I will support this thesis elaborately. The Gilded Age was a term used by Mark Twain to describe the late 19th century and the early 20th century. It brought change for the middle class people as well as the rich and poor (Hakim p. 9). Vacations became part of the lives of ordinary people for the first time. It was a time of extremes for the American population. During this era there were not many people who made a whole lot of money. 1914 was the first year that any Americans paid an income tax. Only 1 percent of Americans were rich enough to have to pay income tax (p. 60). Most of the rich people were politicians who were corrupt and full of greed. Fat-cat industrialists stuffed themselves on profits from high tariffs, while poor farmers were excluded from the good life (p. 61). This shows how the rich gained and the poor lost. During the Gilded Age the economy wasnt stable, it was weak and changed frequently. When money was short in supply people who had money to lend could charge a lot of interest to those who wanted to borrow it-even though the price of other goods were falling (p. 65). Another instance in which the rich was greatly different from the poor was during deflation. While the rich rarely had debts, the poor were in trouble. Because the poor usually borrowed money, deflation lowered their income but they still had to payback loans at interest rates based on the old higher prices (p. 66). The poor immigrants who came from other countries looking for a better life ...

Example Sentences of the Verb Eat for ESL Learners

Example Sentences of the Verb Eat for ESL Learners This page provides example sentences of the verb eat in all tenses including active and passive forms, as well as conditional and modal forms. Base Form eatPast Simple atePast Participle eatenGerund eating Present Simple I usually eat at six oclock. Present Simple Passive Dinner is usually eaten at six oclock. Present Continuous We are having dinner at six this evening. Present Continuous Passive Dinner is being eaten at six this evening. Present Perfect He has already eaten. Present Perfect Passive Dinner hasnt been finished yet. Present Perfect Continuous We have been eating for two hours! Past Simple Jack ate a great lunch at Marcos Restaurant. Past Simple Passive A great lunch was eaten at Marcos Restaurant. Past Continuous We were eating lunch when she burst into the dining room. Past Continuous Passive Lunch was being eaten when she burst into the dining room. Past Perfect He had already eaten lunch when we arrived. Past Perfect Passive Lunch had already been eaten when we arrived. Past Perfect Continuous They had been eating for two hours when he got home. Future (will) They will eat lunch at work. Future (will) passive Lunch will be eaten in a restaurant. Future (going to) We are going to eat dinner at home this evening. Future (going to) passive Dinner will be eaten at home this evening. Future Continuous We will be eating French food this time next week. Future Perfect They will have eaten dinner by the time we arrive. Future Possibility The might eat in a restaurant. Real Conditional If she eats before she leaves, well have lunch alone. Unreal Conditional If she ate more, she wouldnt be so skinny! Past Unreal Conditional If she had eaten more, she wouldnt have become ill. Present Modal You should eat more spinach! Past Modal He might have eaten before he left. Quiz: Conjugate With Eat Use the verb to eat to conjugate the following sentences. Quiz answers are below. In some cases, more than one answer may be correct. I usually _____ at six oclock.He _____ already _____ lunch when we arrived.We _____ lunch when she burst into the dining room.We _____ dinner at home this evening.They _____ dinner by the time we arrive.If she _____ more, she wouldnt be so skinny!Jack _____ a great lunch at Marcos Restaurant.A great lunch _____ at Marcos Restaurant yesterday.We _____ dinner at home this evening.He _____ already _____.Dinner _____ at six this evening. Quiz Answers eathad eatenwere eatingare going to eatwill have eatenatewas eatenare going to eathas eatenis being eaten

Main causes of UK childhood obesity and what can be done to prevent Essay

Main causes of UK childhood obesity and what can be done to prevent childhood obesity - Essay Example This essay "Main causes of UK childhood obesity and what can be done to prevent childhood obesity" outlines the reasons for obesity and its impact on the health of the person. In 2011, it was noted that 31% of boys and 28% of girls aged between 2 and 15 were either overweight or obese, with increase in waist circumference outstripping BMI measurement increases (Ahima 320). Statistics from the Health and Social Care Information Centre indicate moderate decrease in the proportion of overweight and obese children, the proportion having declined from 22.6% in 2011/12 Reception Year to 22.2% in 2012/13. Despite these improvements, the current 1 in every 5 Reception Year children (aged 4 to 5) and a third of Academic Year 6 children (aged 10 to 11) being obese has been noted to be among the worst cases in Europe (National Obesity Forum 8). Obesity is thus a critical public health issue in the UK that calls for understanding of the underlying problems in order to develop effective preventiv e strategies. Generally, childhood obesity results from eating too much and being involved less in physical activities. More specifically, the NHS observes that it results from a consumption of diets rich in energy, particularly from sugars and fats, with no burning of the energy through physical activity or exercise. As a result, surplus energy would be stored in the body as fat. To gain deeper understanding of these causes of obesity, the social model of health provided by Dahlgren and Whitehead would be useful (91).

Answers for the Examination Papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Answers for the Examination Papers - Essay Example The cornerstone of these attacks is a poor monetary policy of the government (the gap between monetary policy and fixed exchange rate). According to Krugman, the prerequisite for the currency crisis is the budget deficit that in turn is financed by the credits; this process may entail the depletion of the reserves of the currency (reserves of the currency to which a national one is pegged). If the domestic interest rate equals foreign interest rate, than the supply of the money caused by the expansion will be more than the demand on the national currency. The surplus of the domestic currency on the market leads to the increased demand on the foreign currency. In order to satisfy demand on the foreign currency, the national bank has to sell the reserves of the foreign currency. Once the reserves have been depleted, the national bank will have to abandon its fixed exchange rates policy as it will have no sufficient reserves to sustain it(Crznar, Currency crisis: theory and practice wit h application to Croatia). Certainly as several decades have passed since the formulation of this model by Paul Krugman it has been readjusted to reflect current trends and realities, however in view of many critics this theory has one important flaw: contention that a government could be a passive observer on the market and will do little or nothing at all to remedy monetary and fiscal problems of the country. Usually the government could readjust its monetary and fiscal policy to the exchange rate regime it maintains. Second generation model. In view of the crisis of European Monetary System in 1992, new theories of causes of currency crisis have been developed. According to this model, the government maintains fixed exchange rate regime as long as it deems necessary to do so( it might do it to decrease inflation or to establish more predictable environment for its importers and exporters. However, the government will certainly

Drug Addiction Essay Example for Free

Drug Addiction Essay -Drug addiction is a complex brain disease. It is characterized by compulsive, at times uncontrollable, drug craving, seeking, and use that persist even in the face of extremely negative consequences. -Drug seeking becomes compulsive, in large part as a result of the effects of prolonged drug use on brain functioning and, thus, on behavior. For many people, drug addiction becomes chronic, with relapses possible even after long periods of abstinence. Drug addiction is a chronic, often relapsing brain disease that causes compulsive drug seeking and use despite harmful consequences to the individual that is addicted and to those around them. Drug addiction is a brain disease because the abuse of drugs leads to changes in the structure and function of the brain. Although it is true that for most people the initial decision to take drugs is voluntary, over time the changes in the brain caused by repeated drug abuse can affect a persons self control and ability to make sound decisions, and at the same time send intense impulses to take drugs. It is because of these changes in the brain that it is so challenging for a person who is addicted to stop abusing drugs. Fortunately, there are treatments that help people to counteract addictions powerful disruptive effects and regain control. Research shows that combining addiction treatment medications, if available, with behavioral therapy is the best way to ensure success for most patients. Treatment approaches that are tailored to each patients drug abuse patterns and any co-occurring medical, psychiatric, and social problems can lead to sustained recovery and a life without drug abuse. Similar to other chronic, relapsing diseases, such as diabetes, asthma, or heart disease, drug addiction can be managed successfully. And, as with other chronic diseases, it is not uncommon for a person to relapse and begin abusing drugs again. Relapse, however, does not signal failure rather, it indicates that treatment should be reinstated, adjusted, or that alternate treatment is needed to help the individual regain control and recover. How Do Drugs Affect The People Around Environment * One of the largest ways in which drug abuse affects families is the creation of an unstable environment. Children especially are influenced and affected by their parents behaviors. As such, a sibling can also be affected by the actions of another sibling who is abusing drugs. Drugs can affect the way family members talk, act and care for their families. For example, the drug can often come before basic needs such as food, clothing or even the love and attention a child needs to have a stable environment. All of these actions can have long-lasting effects on others in the household, especially young children who grow up with drug abusers as role models. These effects can include the child following in the abusers footsteps, especially if they have never seen what a functional family should look like. Financial * Drug abuse can affect both family and friends financially. This can come both from enabling and from theft. Enabling is the action of helping a user with his habit because you feel bad for him, or feel it is keeping him around long enough for you to be able to change them. One of the main ways that enabling occurs is through directly or indirectly financing the drug habit through loaning or giving money to the addict. Drug abuse can also lead addicts to steal from friends and family members to support their habit. Violence * Drug abuse can also affect family and friends by inviting violence into the relationship. There are two main times where violence can quickly escalate for an addict: during extreme highs and during withdrawal. Alcohol is an especially guilty substance for causing violence when users are well over the legal limit of blood alcohol content. This can cause violence both through direct actions, such as getting in a fight, as well as indirect actions, such as driving a car while intoxicated. Violence can also affect the friends and family of a drug abuser during withdrawal. One of the most common symptoms of alcohol withdrawal is irritability and anxiousness. The desire to use can quickly cause users to become violent to even close family members in order to get help or money for their next high. Abandonment * One of the most heart-breaking effects of drug abuse on families especially is abandonment. Once drugs have altered the nerve pathways in the brain, the desire to use quickly becomes more important to anything else in the drug addicts life. Friends and family members quickly get replaced by the next score of the drug of choice. This can often lead to divorce or the loss of children to state custody due to a lack of ability to be a loving and providing parent. There is also an increased risk of parents or spouses being locked up in prison for extended periods of time, leaving their children to grow up without a mother or father. The effects of this abandonment may stick with kids all the way through adulthood. Diseases Involved In Using Drugs Date: Tue 29 Jan 2013 Source: University of Oxford/Medical Research Council, press release [edited] The genetic variant rs12252-C was present in 69 per cent of Chinese patients with H1N1 swine flu [influenza A/(H1N1)pdm09]. A genetic variant which explains why Chinese populations may be more vulnerable to H1N1 swine flu has been found by researchers at the University of Oxford and Beijing Capital Medical University. This finding could help identify those at high risk of severe infection and help prioritise those in highest need of treatment The study, led by Dr Tao Dong of the University of Oxford, showed that people with a specific genetic variant are 6 times more likely to suffer from severe influenza infectionthan those without. The particular variant rs12252-C is occasionally found in Caucasian populations and was already known to be associated with more severe influenza disease. However, the research teams in the UK and China showed that this variant was present in 69 percent of Chinese patients with severe pandemic (swine) influenza in 2009 compared with 25 percent who only had a mild version of the infection. The results are published today [29 Jan 2013] in the journal Nature Communications. The study was part-funded by the Medical Research Council Dr Tao Dong of the Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine at Oxford University says: Understanding why some people may be worse affected than others is crucial in improving our ability to manage flu epidemics and to prevent people dying from the virus. Its vital that we continue to fund research that examines flu from the smallest details of our genetic code in the populations around the world that continue to be vulnerable to infection. The results suggest that the gene variant increases the severity of, rather than susceptibility to, influenza infections. It is thought that the DNA change increases risk of severe infection by limiting the effectiveness of a protein which helps to defend against influenza and similar viruses. This protein, known as IFITM3, has been previously shown to slow down virus replication in mice.Professor Andrew McMichael, co-author of the study at the University of Oxford, says: The apparent effect of this gene variant on the severity of influenza is of great interest. It remains to be seen how this gene affects the whole picture of influenza in Southeast Asia, but it might help explain why new influenza viruses often 1st appear in this region of the world.. During the 2009 pandemic, hospitals in China admitted patients with severe infection but also, unusually, patients with mild infection who, under normal circumstances, would not require hospitalization. This open-door policy provided a unique opportunity to capture a relatively unselected group of patients with divergent outcomes, observed and managed unde r similar clinical conditions. The introduction provides the background and rationale for this investigation. The SNP rs12252-C allele alters the function of interferon-induced transmembrane protein-3 increasing the disease severity of influenza virus infection in Caucasians, but the allele is rare. However, rs12252-C allele is much more common in Han Chinese. The authors report that the CC genotype is found in 69 percent of Chinese patients with severe pandemic influenza A H1N1/09 virus infection compared with 25 percent in those with mild infection. Specifically, the CC genotype was estimated to confer a 6-fold greater risk for severe infection than the CT and TT genotypes. More importantly, because the risk genotype occurs with such a high frequency, its effect translates to a large population-attributable risk of 54.3 percent for severe infection in the Chinese population studied compared with 5.4 percent in Northern Europeans. Interferon-induced transmembrane protein-3 genetic variants could, therefore, have a strong effect on the epidemiology of influenza in China and in people of Chinese descent.The authors conclude that: These data clearly extend the earlier observation in a European cohort that the IFTM3-rs12252CC genotype is significantly associated with influenza severity. The association is primarily with severity of disease rather than susceptibility to infection, although larger studies are required to prove this specific association. IFITM3 may have an important role in virus replication and dissemination following the initial infection. The much higher level of the CC genotype in the Han Chinese population compared with Caucasians may place the Chinese at a higher risk for developing severe illness upon influenza infection. It is not known whether those who are more severely infected with influenza virus are more likely to spread the infection. If this is the case, the high frequency of the C allele in Asian populations may influence the epidemiology of influenza. Mod.CP Government approach: ISABELA CITY, Basilan, Jan 21 (PIA) The Peace and Development Coordinating Committee (PDCC) also known as Team Basilan has resolved to re-organize and activate the Provincial Anti-Drug Council to address the escalating drug problem in the province. In a recent meeting of Team Basilan, Provincial Administrator Tahira Ismael recognized the urgency of addressing the illegal drug situation in the province. She fears that the drug menace has slowly crept into the different communities in Basilan, after receiving unconfirmed reports from the ground on illegal drug use. The representative of the Philippine Drugs Enforcement Authority (PDEA) who requested anonymity confirmed the proliferation of illegal drugs in certain areas of Basilan. The PDEA representative disclosed that for lack of personnel and resources, agents from nearby Zamboanga City will provide the needed assistance during legitimate operations and raids in the area. PDEA was also thankful for the full support and initiatives of the local police and the military in addressing the drug problem. PDEA has only one agent for Basilan. Provincial Police chief PSSupt. Mario Dapilloza said that in his capacity as provincial director, he has activated the provincial anti-illegal drugs task force in the police department. With the deputization from PDEA, the task force was able to arrest the most wanted person in December last year. With the situation, Team Basilan has resolved to craft a resolution requesting PDEA for at least two additional agents for the province. â€Å"We need at least three PDEA agents, to be assigned in strategic areas in the province,† Ismael said. Moreover, Team Basilan has resolved to ask Gov. Jum Akbar for an Executive Order creating the Provincial Anti-Drug Council. Ismael said that the council will immediately convene as soon as the governor has approved the E.O. (RVC-PIA9, ZBST) LOILO CITY, Dec. 29 (PIA6) Now it is not only the taxi drivers that should be randomly tested for illegal drugs, but also employees in offices and business establishments. Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) officer-in-charge Atty. Ronnie Delicana said the agency is pushing to expand the random drug testing among workers. â€Å"We will get the cooperation of the local officials to pass ordinances that require business establishments to allow random drug testing in their workplaces,† Delicana said in a radio interview. â€Å"This will be a pre-requisite to issuance of business permits,† he added. He also said that there should be a widespread culture of zero drug abuse in workplaces to boost PDEA’s campaign against illegal drugs. â€Å"We will be pursuing the signing of memoranda of agreement with different partners to realize drug-free work places,† Delicana said. Meanwhile, for 2012, PDEA arrested 438 suspected drug peddlers in 277 operations, where 34 of those arrested were among the 1,383 suspected drug personalities in Western Visayas, who are in the agency’s watch list. As to cases filed in court, PDEA records show that 482 were filed in court with 3,118 are still pending for lack of witnesses and evidence. The operations also yielded as per record, about P2.7 million worth of drugs and paraphernalia seized. (JCM/ESS-PIA 6, Iloilo) the government is doing actions with the issue. Programs: The Church of the Nazarene is now being asked to become a major partner in a drug prevention program in the Philippines. The program is centered around a high quality video presentation produced by Heinz Fuzzle, a freelance producer for Gospel Films who has worked on a number of projects with the Church of the Nazarene in the past. Portions of the piece were shot on the campus of Asia-Pacific Nazarene Theological Seminary in Manila. The film features interviews from a variety of personalities in the Philippines, including a Nazarene young man who was converted from a life of drug abuse. With 57% of the Philippine population under the age of 20 years old, drug abuse is becoming a serious problem in many parts of the country. Approval has been granted by Philippine government officials to show the film in 40,000 high schools, universities, and colleges across the nation. The film has a strong Christian message with follow-up linked to local churches. The Philippine Field Office hopes to launch 11 film teams to meet this new challenge. This is a tremendous open door for taking the Gospel into every corner of the Philippines

My Semester in Greece Essay -- How Education Has Changed My Life

I had so many experiences that I feel as though I lived an entire chapter of my life in Greece. My adventure began in Athens. I took a three week class entitled "Discovering Ancient Athens on Site." The professor was excellent, and I was able to visit some of the most important historical sites in the western world. Imagine seeing a machine used to allot fair and impartial juries over two thousand years ago. Or standing in the room in which Socrates drank hemlock to end his life. The foundations of western society, both governmental and cultural, were laid in ancient Greece. I am very curious in the governmental and economic structures in the world today, and I found studying ancient Greece to be helpful in understanding the world as it is today. In addition to studying ancient Greece, living in Athens for three weeks is also an immersion into modern Greek culture. One of the first things that struck me about Athens (and in fact, in all of the traveling that I have done) is the pollution. I have heard that Athens is considered the most polluted city in the world. I would be surprised if there is a more polluted city on earth. I was slightly depressed when I could not seethe sun on a cloudless "sunny" day. Aside from the pollution, I loved Athens. I will discuss Greek culture later, but it is worth a mention even in Athens (as are the clubs). The daily life in Athens is ... ...ance to the junta, and today's life in Greece. She had seen friends executed by German soldiers, and she is living today simply because a friend did not speak even under terrible tortures. Along with Maya Angelou, she is perhaps the most dignified woman I have ever met. After my time on Paros, I spent three weeks with a family on the island Kephalonia. My family has lived on this island for over a thousand years. I am incredibly proud to be Greek, and I feel that my experience this summer has made me a richer person able to contribute more to the world. I feel that I have connected with my past and my history, which in turn makes me better able to see the future consequences of my actions.

Effect of Online Gaming to the Students Essay

* An online game is a video game played over some form of computer network, using a personal computer or video game console. * â€Å"Online gaming is a technology rather than a genre, a mechanism for connecting players together rather than a particular pattern of gameplay.† Online games are played over some form of computer network, typically on the Internet. One advantage of online games is the ability to connect to multiplayer games, although single-player online games are quite common as well. A second advantage of online games is that a great percentage of games don’t require payment. Also third that is worth noting is the availability of wide variety of games for all type of game players. â€Å"Can video games make you smarter† begins with asking what you’re looking to gain by playing them. Did you know that: * Point: Video games are fun, but they’re not very productive or useful. * Counterpoint: One of the biggest benefits of video games and o ther interactive training techniques is that they offer a type of engaging and interesting activity that can help build and practice new skills * Point: Video games only train you in specific skills, which doesn’t impart any greater ability to approach new challenges or obstacles. * Counterpoint: The key here is in the design and goals of the game in question. Whatever the game aims to train is what you’ll learn. Games that take the problem solving puzzles and critical thinking exercises that most of us remember as schoolchildren and update them with an interactive and adult-targeted medium can still impart those skills to older players. The issue with many â€Å"brain training† video games is that they want you to believe that you’re â€Å"getting smarter† by increasing your cognitive ability, or somehow protecting your brain from decay or the effects of aging by playing them. That may not be true, but games carefully designed to build problem solving, critical thinking, and reading comprehension skills will help you build those skills. * Point: If games in general can help you learn specific skills, there’s no need for video games specifically. You can just pick up a crossword, textbook, or mystery novel and hone those same skills. * Counterpoint: The big difference between picking up the New York Timescrossword and playing the iPhone version, or playing Scrabble at a table versus with other people in an internet-connected game like Words with Friends, is really in the person who plays the game. Strictly, interactive media are an artifact of our time, and appeal to people who would otherwise reject those older mediums in favor of newer ones. In addition to catering to our desire to be constantly connected and our need for immediate feedback and rapid-fire puzzles and challenges, video games resonate with us in a way that other media doesn’t. That isn’t to say there’s no place for an old-fashioned mystery novel to challenge a reader to decipher an author’s carefully laid clues before they get to the last page, but there’s certainly room for both. There Are Psychological, Physical, and Therapeutic Benefits to Video Games, Too * In addition to the benefits of learning new things and developing new skills, video games—when properly applied—can have therapeutic and mental health benefits. If you play video games as a hobby or for relaxation, you likely already know that they can help you relieve stress and anxiety and help you relax. Negative effects of online gaming: * Since the advent of coin operated arcade games, video games have come a long way and spread to the homes of many children and teenagers, in both developed and developing countries (Bryant & Vorderer, 2006). On one hand, the fierce competitions among the gaming giants such as Nintendo, Sony, and Microsoft can be blamed for this phenomenon; while on the other hand, the internet alone is responsible for placing a universe full of games at arms reach of anyone with a computer and a decent internet connection. However, many games are not suitable for certain age groups. These include games which contain material that is explicit in either the lyrics of its songs, its bloody and gory action scenes, or even scenes that are considered borderline pornographic (in the game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, the main character can enter strip clubs and receive lap dances) (Allofgta, 2008). Usually, many of the games containing significant amounts of violence are designed for mature audiences; nevertheless, their popularity among teenagers and children, who ironically constitute the largest contributors to the profits reaped from these games, is always on the rise. In Lebanon and many other countries in the middle east, no video game rating system or law exists, which allows children and teenagers to buy any game they want. Consequently, as Vorderer and Bryant explain (2006), â€Å"young video game players may be exposed to substantially more violent content than ever before† * Excessive violence in video games has many significant negative effects on children and teenagers. The nature of today’s gaming market doesn’t seem to help the situation at all. Every year, hundreds of new games are released into stores, adding to an already abundant library of blood and gore, which leads to a decrease in the price of previous years’ games. In addition, since the price of CDs and game related hardware is on the decline, it is becoming easier and more economical for children and teenagers to play these games in the comfort of their own home, instead of paying hourly fees at Local area network gaming centers * Other pro-violent video game activists take on a whole different approach in their defense strategy. * Three major negative effects are manifested in the majority of gamers who play violent video games. To begin with, gamers show a weakening in their pro social behavior, which include poorerrelationships and drug related problems. Secondly, users start to exhibit violent behavior which can manifest itself in their thoughts or physically. Finally, desensitization, the loss of proper response to violent images, also lurks behind these games. * Video games are the subject of so many studies, not to mention findings. Some suggest cognitive benefits, others behavioral issues that may or may not persist over time. Importance of the studies * The researcher also believes that not only the students will be benefited from the findings of the study but the instructors and the faculties as well. For they will be advised what to do to give more emphasis to the studies and the learning of the students. They will have an idea on how to get the attention of the students through their studies. Students most specially who has lower grades or failing grades. Definition of Terms There are terms of this study the student researchers defined to help the reader understand well the terms used. * Age. stage of life: a stage or phase in the lifetime of somebody or something length of somebody’s or something’s existence | * Dropped. lessen: to decrease to a lower level, rate, or number, or make something do this * Effects of on line games   * Failed. unsuccessful: unsuccessful, or not having done what is expected or needed * Gender. Gender is a range of characteristics of femininity and masculinity.[1] Depending on the context, the term may refer to the sex * Passed. be successful, or declare somebody successful: to be successful in a test or examination, or officially decide that somebody has been successful in a test or examination

Globalisation for a country’s economy Essay

â€Å"The transformation of national segmented financial markets into integrated parts of the global financial market – the globalisation process – involves complex cross-border and cross-sectoral integration in which capital movements and financial services are key determinants.† (Oxelheim, 1996, p. 21) The large multi national corporations (MNC’s) play a major role in this transformation process, as it is these organisations that have a very wide variety of funding options. A number of the large corporations engage in arbitrage between various international markets that are less efficient and in those that are more efficient. Financial markets in a country compete with one another and with the other markets around the globe, they are all connected. The government usually plays an important role in the national financial markets, as it has the power to increase or decrease money supply within the economy. The government usually uses the central bank of the country to perform these operations. The major financial markets are the equity markets, credit market and the foreign exchange market. The government and monetary authorities like the central bank, prudential regulation authorities and other similar organisations of the country are responsible for market regulations and supervision. The global financial system consists of the interaction between various national financial systems. Buyer and sellers of certain financial instruments trade across their national borders. There have been a number of different factors that have influenced the globalisation process, these factors have led to economies forming some new regulations and the deregulation of the current capital controls and factors like market efficiency, flexibility and credibility. Imperfections in the domestic financial markets are what gave way to the development of Euro markets. Global finance encloses an odd combination of the most perfect (where there is free trade and less deregulation) and  imperfect (where there is high regulation to protect the local market from losing out to the outside markets due to competition) money and capital markets of the world. Most countries interfere in the foreign exchange market to make their currencies more stable by changing various policies and buying and selling foreign currencies. It should be understood that fluctuations in foreign exchange markets are due to the economic conditions and policies of the country. Giddy says â€Å"Currency markets are efficient, but many national capital markets are not; these national markets are partially, but not wholly, linked to the global market.† (Giddy, 1994, p. 6) From the past it can be seen that the increase in economic integration and the redistribution of financial resources within the region were important factors. Borrowing from another country was a significant force. â€Å"Economic integration and regional redistribution generated competitive pressure, which made a de jure deregulation more or less unavoidable in most countries.† (Oxelheim, 1996, p. 27) Financial innovations like developing a number of new financial products and instruments have been made possible by the developments in information technology. According to Jensen (1989), financial innovations have in general had a positive impact on the economy, as they have improved corporate access to capital and communication between management and corporate stakeholders. However, they have also reduced the usefulness of current international statistics in the monitoring of international capital flows. The core of the global market is the Eurocurrency and Eurobond markets. The increasing number of financial products like futures, options, interest rate swaps, and various other financial instruments used by participants in the international financial market, have helped in overcoming market imperfections in the global market. The Foreign-Exchange market This market establishes the price of each (domestic) currency in terms of other (foreign) currencies. Currencies are bought and sold in exchange for one another throughout the day over the telephone market by individuals, companies, securities firms, and central banks, all of which deal with the foreign-exchange traders at commercial banks. The actions of the governments buying and selling foreign currencies affect the prices of the currency and should be anticipated by the foreign exchange traders. Residents of certain countries may prefer to hold assets denominated in foreign currencies if their home currency is not stable due to high and variable inflation (value of domestic currency compared to the others may be poor). Hence, the residents of these countries might prefer to hold their assets in foreign currency denominated assets in order to protect their real wealth. The foreign exchange balances may offset some financial risks. â€Å"Foreign currency denominated assets may serve as a direct hedge for the exchange risk associated with anticipated foreign currency liabilities.† (Levich, 1998, p.67) This would be good for the economy, this would offset some of the financial risk. Another view is that domestic residents may feel that certain foreign currency assets are undervalued and hence may purchase these assets converting the currency to earn a higher return. Residents would use the domestic currency for all transactions with in the country, they may desire to hold foreign currency as an asset or store of value. The value of all currencies is not determined by the transactions in the foreign exchange market. Some currencies are pegged to other currencies, for example the Malaysian Ringgit is pegged to the US Dollar. A number of the governments influence the value of their currencies by open market buying or selling, hence push the price up or down.

AP Scores in College Admissions Do They Really Matter

AP Scores in College Admissions Do They Really Matter SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Since you put so much effort into studying for and taking AP tests, you’ve likely wondered whether colleges look at AP scores.How is all of your AP prep and effort going to affect your chances of admission to college? In this guide, we'll illuminate the relationship between AP scores and college admission. We’ll also discuss how important AP scores are for your application, how colleges consider these scores, and what being an AP Scholar can mean for your admission chances. Do Colleges Look at AP Scores? There are two issues to address when we consider the connection between AP scores and college admission. First, do colleges even look at your AP scores when you apply? Secondly, if they do look, how much do they actually care about your scores? Do Colleges Look at AP Scores for Admission? While you don't typically need to send official AP score reports to colleges you're applying to, some schools will have space on their applications for you to self-report your AP scores.And if your scores are on your application, admissions committees will see them.Similarly, if you have any low AP scores you'd prefer admissions committees not see, you don't have to (and shouldn't) report them on your application. But of the AP scores you do report, how much weight do they have in the admissions process? Is it more or less than the weight of these three apples? Do Colleges Care About AP Scores? As with many college-admissions related questions, the answer to this question is, "It depends." However, as a general rule, your AP exam scores aren’t going to be a major make-or-break factor in whether you get into a college or not. High AP scores will definitely work in your favor, though they’re far from the most important factor (test scores, transcripts, and your personal statement are all much more critical). Particularly high AP scores (i.e., 5s in a variety of subjects) may be helpful for very selective institutionswhere every bit of edge to differentiate you from other elite students can count. Similarly, low AP scores (i.e., 1 or 2) can be a red flag to selective institutions. This is especially true if there’s a lot of inconsistency between your AP scores and your grades in AP classes. If you have consistently high grades but low test scores, this can indicate to colleges that there’s grade inflation at your high school. However, because you’re probably going to self-report your AP scores anyway, there’s nothing wrong with simply not reporting one or two scores you’re not satisfied with. Another situation in whichcolleges will look more closely at your AP scores is if you submit AP scores to a test-flexible school. These types of schools give you several options for what kinds of standardized test scores you can submit with your application. You might be able to substitute SAT or ACT scores with scores from AP tests, IB exams, or SAT Subject Tests. If you’re sitting on some 5s, this might be an appealing option! For example, at NYU you can submit three AP exam scores to fulfill the university's standardized testing requirement. The University of Rochester also allows you to use AP exam scoresas your primary test scores for admission. If you're using AP exams as your standardized test scores, you'll most likely need to send in an official AP score report to that school as opposed to just self-reporting. Your official AP score report normally includes all test scores, but you can pay extra to withhold particular scores if you don’t want the college to see those. Like these dancers, you can use flexibility to your advantage! How Much Do AP Courses Matter for College? The fact that your AP exam scores aren’t a critical factor in college admission does not mean that AP courses are not important. While your actual slate of scores on exams is only of middling importance, AP classes themselves can be very important. This is because one of the most significant factors in the college admissions process- especially at selective schools- is your transcript. Colleges want to see evidence that you were able to excel in difficult classes in high school, so it’s critical that you take a rigorous class schedule, which at many high schools will include AP classes. If your school prioritizes the IB program or doesn’t offer any AP or IB classes, colleges will take this into account. Nonetheless, selective institutions expect you to take the most difficult classes available to you.This also means that it’s perfectly fine to take AP classes and not necessarily take the exam for each class. However, if you do take AP exams, another potential advantage is that you can sometimes earn college credit and/or skip prerequisite courses with your scores. Public schools almost always offer college credit for high scores for at least some exams. Selective private schools are less likely to offer credit for individual exams. Some schools, such as Harvard, even let you bundle AP credits so you can graduate in six to seven semestersand pursue a master’s degree your fourth year. As you can see, many colleges will let you use high AP scores to bypass prerequisites and get to more interesting advanced classes more quickly! Fly past those prerequisites! Does It Matter If You’re an AP Scholar? The AP Scholar program gives honorary awards (meaning there’s no money involved) to students who meet certain score thresholds on certain numbers of AP exams. There are various award levels associated with particular scores and numbers of exams. For instance, you'd win an AP Scholar award if you got 3+ on three exams and a National AP Scholar award if you got 4+ on eight or more AP exams. In general, these awards aren’t going to make much of a difference in college admissions. The awards themselves really just communicate in shorthand how you did on your AP tests, and colleges will already have access to that information if you report your AP scores to them. In this sense, an AP Scholar award is not giving any new information to the school. The AP International Diploma program (created for students interested in going to college abroad) is similar. You’ll receive the diploma automatically once you meet the requirements. Again, though, since you'll likely be reporting your test scores, the diploma doesn’t provide schools with additional information. It's not the most important diploma you'll receive in your life. The Bottom Line: Do Colleges Look at AP Scores? Colleges typically ask students to self-report their AP scores on applications.As a result, they will see any scores you choose to report (and won't see any you choose not to report). The follow-up question, then, is this: do colleges care about AP scores?Although AP scores are far from the most important part of your application, high scores can act in your favor, whereas a number of low scores can be a red flag. This is especially true at selective schools. However, taking AP classes themselves (if they are offered at your school) are an important way to demonstrate that you’re taking the most rigorous schedule available to you- a quality that’s extremely important to selective institutions in the admissions process. Finally, AP exam scores can sometimes get you college credit or allow you to skip prerequisite classes in college. Not all schools do this, so be sure to check with the colleges you're applying to! What’s Next? If you need more information on the complete college application process, we've got you covered. We offer expert advice on the college application timeline, how many colleges you should apply to, and how to do college research to find the right schools for you! Looking to learn more about AP exams? We explainhow to prepare for AP exams, what you need to know in order toace your APs on test day, andwhether you should retake an AP test. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Tenontosaurus - Facts and Figures

Tenontosaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Tenontosaurus (Greek for tendon lizard); pronounced ten-NON-toe-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of North America Historical Period: Middle Cretaceous (120-100 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 20 feet long and two tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Narrow head; unusually long tail About Tenontosaurus Some dinosaurs are more famous for how they got eaten than for how they actually lived. That’s the case with Tenontosaurus, a medium-sized ornithopod that was on the lunch menu of the respectably sized raptor Deinonychus (we know this from the discovery of a Tenontosaurus skeleton surrounded by numerous Deinonychus bones; apparently predators and prey were all killed at the same time by a natural cataclysm). Because an adult Tenontosaurus could weigh in at a couple of tons, smaller raptors like Deinonychus must have had to hunt in packs to bring it down. Other than its role as prehistoric lunch meat, the middle Cretaceous Tenontosaurus was most interesting for its unusually long tail, which was suspended off the ground by a network of specialized tendons (hence this dinosaurs name, which is Greek for tendon lizard). The type specimen of Tenontosaurus was discovered in 1903 during an American Museum of Natural History expedition to Montana led by the famous paleontologist Barnum Brown; decades later, John H. Ostrom did a closer analysis of this ornithopod, corollary to his intensive study of Deinonychus (which he concluded was ancestral to modern birds). Oddly enough, Tenontosaurus is the most abundant plant-eating dinosaur to be represented in a vast stretch of the Cloverly Formation in the western U.S.; the only herbivore thats even close is the armored dinosaur Sauropelta. Whether this corresponds to the actual ecology of middle Cretaceous North America, or is just a quirk of the fossilization process, remains a mystery.

Film review Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Film - Movie Review Example The film also captivates through its application of irony as Raphael’s status changes from an arrogant successful salesperson to an oppressed loser (Iglesia). The film’s major characters are Raphael and Lourdes. These characters play a major role in the development of the story line besides aiding application of literacy styles, such as irony, in the film. Minor characters on the other hand include Antonio, who beat Raphael in a promotion opportunity, other sales women, the employing organization, and the passive criminal investigation system. These characters facilitate demonstration of Raphael and Lourdes’ character traits. The sales women for example elevate Raphael’s social power but undermine Lourdes (Iglesia). One of the added techniques to the film is flashback, applied towards the film’s end. The technique further illustrates the relationship between Raphael and Lourdes and therefore enriches the storyline

National incident based reporting system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

National incident based reporting system - Essay Example This paper identifies the current challenges of crime reporting as the lack of harmonization on the usage of crime reporting programs used in various states in U.S. It is important to note that some cities have failed to incorporate NIBRS into their crime prevention and detection system. It also addresses the technological opportunity presented by NIBRS in crime reporting technology and its advantages over the UCR. The paper makes some basic recommendation for effective crime reporting system. First, it recommend the need to involve the community and ordinary citizens in the system since they are the one affected by crime and it might be more effective if they know exactly the significance of correctly reporting a crime incident. Secondly, it calls for the crime reporting system to be more alert so as to adapt to the changing society so as to capture immerging new forms of crimes in our society. A crime is an act that violates a political or moral rule. Presently, an act that was considered a crime some years back might no longer be a crime in today's society. It is also true that what a certain community considers to be an antisocial act might mean nothing to another community. Statistical crime rate will directly be affected as culture and political environment changes. This in turn determines the allocation of resources for the enforcement of such laws and also influences public opinion. Public perception of a crime is affected if there are changes in the way the crime data are collected. (Hart, 1961) Law enforcing agencies before used to employ awkward way of crime reporting to know whether crime is increasing or not such as counting the number of people in the people and this made crime data analysis very difficult. Until early 18th century, the data collection on crime incidences was insignificant. (Blythe, 1992) The governments of all nations all over the world have been looking forward to minimizing the occurrence of crime in the society. The incidences of crimes are usually identified by location, gender, nature and race by these crime reporting programs. This has really helped the government in allocating resources by allocating more resources in the areas more prone to crimes to reduce them. The crime incidences reporting have helped the Federal state to plan and redirect resources in fighting crimes since the UCR began its operations according to the data collected by USA government. According to the FBI (2006), there is an overall reduction in crime incidences ranging from violent to simple assaults for the past ten years. Statement of the problem Many crimes that happen every day goes unreported in the UCR crime reporting program. NIBRS in the other hand, as an improvement of UCR, has its own limitations. One, there is no enough resources needed to capture all the crime incidences. This in turn has lead to its failure in giving a proper picture of crime to the law enforcement agencies for it to strategies effective ways of fighting crimes. This has been contributed by failure of some cities to introduce the NIBRS in their systems and lack of harmonization in crime prevention system strategies and partnership between cities. This paper is an effort to address

Busines economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Busines economics - Essay Example Primarily among these tool is the GDP. It refers to the net market value of the goods and services provided by a country. It can also be used to assess the standard of living of citizens in that country and can be used to gauge the demand and the buying capacity of individuals during that financial year. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the UK shrunk 0.60% during the latter half of the financial year in 2010. It has been calculated that United Kingdom’s average quarterly growth rate was 0.59% which climbed the charts steadily to 5.30% and also witnessed a record low of -2.5%. (United Kingdom GDP Growth Rate, 2011) The UK as a robust economy has its GDP usually boosted by the strong performance of the banking and insurance services. The manufacturing industry meanwhile faced a recession and the key to overcoming this problem lies in more government involvement while at the same time continuing its social welfare initiatives. One of the most current statistics that have been obtained indicated the following Country Interest Rate Growth Rate Inflation Rate Jobless rate Government Budget Exchange Rate UK 0.50% -0.60% 4.00% 8.00% -11.40% 1.62 (United Kingdom GDP Growth Rate, 2011) However when compared to 2009 there has however been a slight improvement of 1.5% GDP in the last quarter of 2010. The manufacturing experienced a slight boost in the latter half of 2010 climbing by 1.1% and the utility production also grew by 4.6%. The mining sector experienced a slight meltdown falling by 4.5%. The construction industry was also severely hit as several major construction projects were put on hold due the banking crisis that arose in 2009-2010. It fell by 2.5 %. Other sectors that experienced a drop were the business services and the transport sector at 1.1% and 1.4% respectively. (United Kingdom GDP Growth Rate, 2011) The German economy on the other hand fared better compared to its counterpart. The GDP increased by 0.40% in the latter half of 2010 compared to 2009. It also had its share of ups and downs with its average GDP growth at 0.29%. This reached a peak of 2.30% in June 2010 and a nadir of 3.50% in March 2009. (Germany GDP Growth Rate, 2011) Export forms the backbone of German economy and accounts for almost one third of its income. Germany has performed better than UK during this taxing period as shown by the market indicators and its strong commitment in engaging to closer European cooperation between member countries in both economic and commercial policies is reaping benefits. Country Interest Rate Growth Rate Inflation Rate Jobless rate Government Budget Exchange Rate UK 1.00% 0.40% 2.00% 7.40% -3.00% 1.42 (Germany GDP Growth Rate, 2011) Comparing both the Macroeconomic performance of UK with its European counterparts over the past ten years, one finds that its performance of attaining an annual GDP growth of 2.3% places it third behind US and Canada. However rising levels of both private sector debt and public sector debt ha ve held back the government in providing sufficient fiscal stimulus to the manufacturing and industrial sector. Trade, an area where Germany has made rapid progress also has declined in the context of the UK market. (BIS Economic Paper No.9, 2010) Business investment has also taken a backseat in UK. Post 2000, survey estimates indicate that UK is ranked behind

The Exposed Problems Of Sexism In The Media Media Essay

The Exposed Problems Of Sexism In The Media Media Essay For many years now the media we are exposed to every day has been filled with gender inequality (sexism) even though we might not always notice it. Gender inequality is a problem we as humans have been facing for quite a few years now and more often than not the media has been part of the problem and not the solution. Problem statement: Does the media promote sexism and outdate views of male/female behaviour? What is media sexism? The Oxford Dictionary of Sociology defines sexism as being the unfair discrimination on the basis of sex. This kind of discrimination tends to operate in favour of men and against women; however the obverse is not entirely unheard of. From this we can assume that the term media sexism refers to discrimination on the basis of gender that we perceive from day to day in the media. As easy as the term may seem to be to grasp, its a much more abstract term in the way that we arent always aware of the sexism that takes place in the media. For example, the percentage of newsreaders covering important news stories that are male dominates the amount of female newsreaders covering important news stories. This is quite subtle and most people dont notice this, whereas the amount of female sex workers seen in the news is much more than the amount of male sex workers seen in the news. Sexism of any kind, including media sexism can occur on many different levels and range from being covert to being outright blatant. Yes the media promotes sexism and sexist behaviour From my point of view, yes, media does promote sexism and sexist behaviour. I say it does promote sexism because women, or to be more specific womens bodies and specific women body parts are used to advertise new products. How many adverts have we seen in magazines where new gadgets are being advertised with half naked woman holding it? Cars, TV, graphics card, cell phone, laptop, etc, are all being promoted and it is being associated with women and their body. The adverts on TV are mostly being advertised by women. And if look at these commercials most of them the women have nothing to do with the product that is being advertised, one of the example is the advert for fruit juice where woman were being splashed with different fruit and fruit juice. If we also look at the computer games and their characters we can clearly that its promoting sexism. As they make the women characters look very attractive and expose their bodies. This is not the only place where media promotes sexism, if have we look at the movies and series, we can see that the men are the ones playing the important roles in the movie and women are there just as the hot sex icon, we can take Transformers for example, where Megan Fox who is the one of the main characters in Transformers plays a sex icon in the movie. If we remember when the Transformers 1 and 2 came out many men went with their friends to cinemas to watch the movie not only for its great action and effects but went to go watch it to see Megan Fox. I can remember many of my friends talking of going to watch it just to see her. This clearly shows that women, in this case Megan Fox, are used to advertise the movie so that it can sell better. We can clearly see that media does promote sexism after we have given and discussed different fields of media where media sexism is being used. This is not good as there are many disadvantages from advertising women in such a way. Women are being used as objects. This has influence on mens mind, as it changes the way they view women and how they treat women in general. No The media does not promote sexism and sexist behaviour For many years the media has been dominated by male presenters, reporters, writers etc. Women were seen as inferior to men and their voices were not heard in the media. However, this has now come to pass According to the Global Media Monitoring Project (GMMP), a global survey that is taken every five years, in 2005, 57% of all television news presenters were female and throughout the world women are more frequently becoming strongly represented in newsrooms. These figures also remained stable during the 2010 survey. It showed that while men were more likely to report domestic news stories (70%), women were much more likely to report international news (61%). Also worth mentioning is that 83% of news stories focusing on women were also presented by female journalists. Their findings from 1995-2010 for reporting and presenting the news read as following: 1995 2000 2005 2010 %Men %Women %Men %Women %Men %Women %Men %Stories presented on TV and Radio 51 49 49 51 53 47 49 As can be seen from the above table taken from the GMMP 2010, the percentage of males and females presenting news stories on television and radio have been rather stable and more importantly, equal for the last 20 years. This is a good example of how gender inequality and stereotypes are starting to dissipate from the media we are exposed to in everyday life. This change was brought about thanks to various different approaches to the issue of gender equality in the media that include, but are not limited to: Bringing gender balance to the institution of media; Creating alternative media for women to tell their stories and to let their voice be heard; Empowering and hiring female journalists; These approaches arent mutually exclusive. They all play important roles in gender equality in the media today as well as the fair portrayal of females in the media. In conclusion, males and females are slowly but surely starting to enter a balance when it comes to equality in the media. The days of gender stereotypes are drawing to a close and we welcome female journalists and newsreaders into the previously male dominated field where they prove themselves to be equals to their male counterparts. How the media portrays men and women and the effects thereof Through sexism in the media, stereotypes of how men and women should act and the roles they should adhere to are developed. The media has the power to influence the masses and by communicating sexist ideas the media is creating stereotypes by which they expect the public to conform to. Adverting campaigns such as the Bar One Man launched by Bar One and Windhoeks Always Keep it Real advertising campaigns are typical examples of the media dictating how men should act. Women used for advertising and television programmes are most times abnormally thin and skinny. Women viewing this believe that this is the norm and are driven to unhealthy diets and eating disorders in order to obtain what the media has portrayed as the ideal body. Young girls and women can suffer from anorexia and bulimia while trying to conform to what the media has portrayed as the perfect body size. Men are portrayed as being very strong, masculine and muscular. Men spend hours at the gym trying to obtain what has been presented to them as the perfect body and sometimes turn to supplement such as steroids for help which damage ones health. As a result of not achieving the perfect body, people can suffer from anxiety, depression and a range of inner conflicting emotions. Men and women are glamorised and portrayed as completely flawless in the media, this prompts everyday people to waste large amounts of money on cosmetics so that they may conform to this flawless image. Women spend money on expensive make-up, perfumes, clothes, jewellery and accessories while men are prompted to buy colognes, after-shaves and other costly cosmetic products in order to make themselves look appealing to the opposite sex. Some people would go as far as to pay to have cosmetic surgery done to improve their bodies. In the media women are presented as sex objects to be used by men. This leads to decay in the self esteem of women as they begin to believe that the only way to get attention from men is to present themselves as sex objects. This also has a negative impact on men as they loose respect for women and are led to believe that there are many beautiful women in the world that are easy and willing sex partners. In the media men are often seen doing something stupid or potentially dangerous to gain the attention and approval of a woman. This is seen in a lot of First for Women advertisements on the television and in magazines. This encourages men to act recklessly to get a womans attention. The way the media portrays men and women is not an accurate representation of reality, but a false portrayal of how the media expects men and women to be. The way media portrays men and women creates an extremely high expectation of reality. People become obsessive about meeting that expectation and damage their health and emotions in the process. Men and women face disappointment when the opposite sex does not live up to the high expectation the media has created of them. Using sexism to help promote or sell products does not always work in the favour of the companies advertising. Sexist advertisements that appear in the media can often annoy and enrage the gender that is being exploited or ridiculed in order to promote the product. This causes negative feelings and emotions towards that advertisement. By using sexism in advertising a company can gain the attention of its audience but can also leave people feeling angered and opposed to buying that specific product. Group opinion After discussing the topic and considering all the information we gathered throughout this assignment we as a group decided that the media definitely promotes sexism and sexist behaviour particularly in favour of males. The female body is often being exploited to sell products; females are less frequently used to present important news and less than 30% of journalists covering important stories worldwide are female (GMMP, 2011). Hopefully in coming years this will become a thing of the past, but for the time being media sexism is a very real problem that we face. In conclusion It would appear that the media is still representing females as being inferior to males or at least to a certain degree. Despite this however, females are starting to fight back and are proving to be worthy equals to their male counterparts. Organisations such as the GMMP are trying to ensure gender equality in the media and are slowly, but surely achieving their goal. This is a mindset that might take many years to get out of, but it is a necessary change that will have to take place if we are to truly progress as a species. In our opinion, males and females are equal and it should be portrayed that way in the media and in any walks of life.

Hand Guns :: essays research papers

I. Introduction It is estimated that in 1994, 39,720 individuals died from firearm related injuries in the United States . This figure is very alarming, especially when one considers this number not as a statistic, but 39,720 human beings. The issue that will be addressed is one that brings with it great controversy. Does our right to own guns infringe upon the rights of others to live? Would it be a greater injustice to ban the right to own guns thus saving lives? Would this action decrease pain and increase pleasure for the majority? I ask that an open mind be kept throughout this presentation, for guns impact two basic rights provided by the Constitution. The first can be found in these words at the end of the introduction: ".in order to promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity" . The next can be found in the Second Amendment: ".the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed" . These two rights clearly belong to all citizens, but now one must question: What about the 39,720 individuals who were killed by guns in 1994. Were their rights upheld, or has a great injustice been committed? Whenever there is an issue which generates great controversy, there are always at least two sides or views which must be considered. There are many degrees of either freedom or control which individuals believe, but they fall into either pro gun control or against gun control. Those who are against restrictions on gun control are represented by the NRA (National Rifle Association). The NRA states the Second Amendment as ".the ultimate civil liberty- the right to defend one's own life- without which there are no rights". The NRA strongly defends any and all gun rights, for they see any gun restriction as the beginning of civilian disarmament. Those who are for gun control and regulations also have varying degrees of beliefs, but they all believe that more regulations are in order. Some want the abolition of virtually all guns, while others simply want tougher regulations on applicants desiring a gun. This side also has many organizations which work to represent their beliefs, one of which is HCI (Handgun Control Incorporated). The right to own guns is defended by many for some of the following reasons. The right to own a firearm provides the public with power.