Saturday, May 23, 2020
Sex, Gender, And Sexuality - 1490 Words
Sex, gender, and sexuality are words that are constantly are been not understood properly and also misused by societies. But scholars through research and history have come up with basic ways to distinguish what each term means. Starting with the term sex, sex is known as a biological structure of a person (Renzetti 2). There also is another way that sex defined, some believe that the definition of is the meaning the society and each individual gave it, â€Å"or the various ways we express our sexual natures†(Hoffert 395). Next the term gender can be distinguished because it uses the term sex as a source for creating a social grouping which then is applied to each individual (Renzetti 2). Using these definitions scholars are able to distinguish between these terms, but definitions alone might not be enough for some scholars to distinguish the differences between these terms, so there are some key ways to tell the differences. Starting with sex and gender, one s sex is static, but their gender can be dynamic. Gender is part of everyday life meaning everyone has to watch what they do in public and even at home, the society has an expectation of how men and women are supposed to behave or act and if the expectations are not achieved then that person is considered strange or abnormal (Lorber 54-55). Whereas the term sex is concrete, at least for now, from the moment a baby is born its chromosome is decided whether it’s XX or XY. Chromosomes can’t be changed through surgery andShow MoreRelatedGender, Sex, And Sexuality1363 Words  | 6 PagesJones Mr.DiGulio Honor Freshman English-3 26 April 2016 Gender, Sex, and Sexuality Gender, sex, and sexuality are not new concepts in today’s society. These three terms have been around for a long time, but they have only just started to surface and be taught and understood by the nation. Slowly society is learning that sex does not determine one’s sexual orientation and gender and who you are is nothing to be ashamed about. A person’s sexuality has been with them ever since and before they were bornRead MoreSex, Gender, And Sexuality1391 Words  | 6 PagesSEX, GENDER, AND SEXUALITY 1 Sex, Gender, and Sexuality Joel M. Queen Oklahoma State University Sex, Gender, and Sexuality When you go on with your daily lives and norms, you tend to not give much attention to what kind of roles certain genders play or how we perceive certain gender to perform said roles. Lorber mentions in the early part of her argument that we seem to treat sex, gender, and sexuality and the norms that come with them like fish and water (Lorber, 1994) . We have almostRead MoreSex, Gender And Sexuality966 Words  | 4 PagesThe chapter includes definitions about sex, gender and sexuality. Additionally, it describes a process of gender socialization, gender stratification, and supports these processes by social theories. Each of the provided videos and the article relates to this chapter in many ways. According to the chapter, people learn their roles of males and females through the process of socialization. There are certain guidelines established by society that people follow in acceptable manner. Each personRead MoreBiological Sex, Gender, And Sexuality1192 Words  | 5 Pagesimportant differences between biological sex, gender, and sexuality? Biological sex is our anatomy; this relates to a humans anatomical and reproductive system. Determined by karyotype (chromosomes of a cell, 46 XY karyotype in typical males and 46 XX karyotype in typical females), internal genitalia (testes and ovaries), external genitalia (scrotum and penis in males; labia and clitoris in females), and secondary sex differentiation at puberty (Pasterski, 2008). Gender is the state of being female or male;Read MoreBox Building Process with Respect to Sex, Gender and Sexuality954 Words  | 4 Pagesbetween the various groups of individuals in the society based on their age, gender, race, nationality among other factors (Warde Martens 21). Social differentiation process, which is also referred to as box creating process is vital in the escalating cases of social inequality, more specifically, for the purpose of this article, gender and sexual inequality. The demarcations created on the basis of this factors (gender and sexual attributes of an indiv idual) tend to mould individuals to depictRead MoreAn Analysis Of Judith Butler s Exploration Of Gender, Sex, And Sexuality Essay1544 Words  | 7 Pagesattack those very expectations. The essence of what it means to be a girl is questioned within the short video. Judith Butler’s exploration of gender, sex, and sexuality’s fluidity, trapped within the â€Å"normal,†binary structure of society, questions the same notions. Butler attacks the comfort of the binary system, and exposes the insubstantial basis of gender. The â€Å"Like A Girl†campaign by Always details the connotations of what it means to be a girl. When asked to run like a girl, older women andRead MoreGender Issues and Sexuality in Marge Piercys Sex Wars Essay785 Words  | 4 PagesSex Wars; a title provocative enough to garner not only a second look when encountered on an overcrowded bookshelf, but undoubtedly a perfunctory lift from the shelf and a superficial perusal. If you do delve deeper into the novel by Marge Piercy you come to see that Sex alludes to gender and the relationship between men and women; not just the act. War denotes power, agency; a struggle to gain it, fought in our own cities not on some far off shores. It isnt peculiar that Marge Piercy would devoteRead MoreDismantling Binaries: Bisexuality947 Words  | 4 Pageswith respect to sex, gender and sexuality. In the society, these boxes and their limits rest on a multiplicity of assumptions. The first supposition is that there are two sex’ s genders, and sexualities. Everyone is male or a female, feminine or masculine, heterosexual or homosexual but no one can be both. This supposition of sex believes the truth of substantial difference in how persons actually do gender but yet people carry on to believe that there are just two equally elite gender groups into whichRead MoreThe Cultural Matrix And Gender Identity1506 Words  | 7 Pagesâ€Å"‘persons’ only become intelligible through becoming gendered in conformity with recognizable standards of gender intelligibility (p.22)†and describes â€Å"intelligible†genders [as] those which in some sense institute and maintain relations of coherence and continuity among sex, gender, sexual practice, and desire (p. 23).†That is, legitimate persons are those whose gender matches their sex within heterosexual engagements. However, all persons should be intelligible. It is through the cultural matrixRead More The Social Construction of Gender and Sexuality Essay1361 Words  | 6 Pageswhole new generation of people who aren’t defined by their race or their sex or who they like to sleep with.†This statement exemplifies the definition of gender as a concept; gender is the expectations of a sex according to the culture of society. Sexuality, within this definition of gender, reflects society’s expectations, which are created in relation to the opposite sex. The variances between cultures means that gender expectations change within different cultures. These expectations put pressure
Tuesday, May 12, 2020
Personal Statement High School, Basketball, And Softball
There are many times in our life that shape who we are, most of these â€Å"moments†go unnoticed. Things happen and change us in an instant so we often don’t remember these â€Å"moments†simply because they do not come across as something memorable. They just happen. If you’re lucky enough, you can remember this defining moment, and be able to reflect on this moment in a time of need, to remind yourself of the long journey that got you where you are at today. In high school, I was involved in volleyball, basketball, and softball. Throughout my whole venture, I had this one coach who followed me through every sport. Her name was Coach Lolly Arevalo. She was five feet tall, dark skinned, big green eyes, and a little muscular body, she had a masculine voice that terrified all the athletes every time she scolded us. â€Å"Do not stop till I blow this whistle,†those words motivated each and every one of us not to stop. The very first game I had my fre shmen year in volleyball was a big, extraordinary moment in my life. When we walked into the gym that night to warm up before the other team arrived, butterflies began to flourish in my stomach as the excitement began to kick in. The bleachers were filled with people wearing red and white shirts, friends holding fan signs with your name, and family members who wanted to see you play the game you love. The excitement I was developing become even more known when the other team arrived. The girls looked as though they wanted to smash your faceShow MoreRelatedAn Individuals Leadership Skills1058 Words  | 5 Pagesleadership a person expresses. Organizations can also be impacted by â€Å"The Law of the Lid;†the strength of the leader(s) limits the amount of success the whole organization will have. This law was put into play in my National Honors Society in high school. During my first year, the leaders were not the best quality. The members on the board were all involved in other sports or clubs and tended to focus more on those versus NHS. They had a low leadership level, and in turn, our club had a low effectivenessRead MorePersonal Statement : Sports, Karate, And Softball Essay1573 Words  | 7 PagesPersonal Statement For as long as I can remember sports have always been a part of who I am. I was always a very active kid growing up, in fact I played basketball, soccer, karate, and softball. Although I played all of these different sports, there was one that made a huge impact in my life, and that was softball. I was 10 years old when I stopped playing the other sports and focused more on softball. I played softball competitively during the summer and fall on travel teams for 8 years. SinceRead MoreSample Marketing Plan7635 Words  | 31 PagesFinancials * 6.0 Controls Executive Summary 1.0 Executive Summary All4Sports is a tax-exempt not-for-profit organization that provides the community with a complete youth sports program. All4Sports offers participants from kindergarten to high school positive learning and team experiences along with the opportunity to create life-long memories. All4Sports continues to be the premier provider of youth sports experiences, and seeks to make this experience affordable and available for all interestedRead MoreIs It Not As Deceiving As You May Think?1779 Words  | 8 Pagesthey live in, and what they drive? I know what you’re thinking, â€Å"don’t judge a book by it’s cover†, but often enough this simple judgement is down right accurate. People often enough wear clothes to show their social class, or at least to make a statement and say they have the money to afford the â€Å"higher-end products†. People that happen to have a large income also tend to live in larger houses which are a symbol of how hard they worked, and acts as a reward for all their effort. This award not onlyRead MoreSocial Bond Theory Essay2308 Words  | 10 Pagesgymnastics, jewelry making, tutoring and personal development; as well as local, state and national tournaments in basketball, golf, karate, soccer and softba ll.†(Pasadena pal program, 2012) With all these activities available to the kids, it is no doubt that some of the kids participate in more than one of them which keeps them busy and leaves little time for them to do any delinquent behavior. Belief is evident in this program because in the mission statement it says that one of the goals of theRead MoreSchool District Adminstration4672 Words  | 19 PagesCapetown High School [pic] Taking a Bite out of Education!!! Cougar ISD Capetown High School 1979 Shoreside Drive Capetown, Texas 73911 Principal- Scott Thomison Assistant Principal- Guillermo Altamirano Academic Counselor- Travis Cole Athletic Director- Mike Nelson Health Fitness- Matt Tarbutton Counselor- Emilio Luna IT- John Kenna Mascot- Sharks School Colors- Navy Blue and White Motto- Taking a Bite out of Education! Mission Statement: To provide all learners withRead MoreLeadership5482 Words  | 22 PagesFOLLOWERSHIP Robert H. Jerry, II* [B]etter followers beget better leaders. I been fond of a set of expressions HROUGH use to underscore the importance of an idea or a cause I sometimes the years, I have believe important and worthy of personal or institutional investment, or both. The expressions fit together like this: our society has a particular problem that needs attention; our colleges and universities, being institutions broadly representative of our society, also have this problemRead MoreMarket Analysis2601 Words  | 11 Pageshealth camps for elementary to high-school aged children. These camps will seek to educate kids on how a healthy life style can be attained and the importance of taking care of your mind and body. * Create and implement a Corporate Wellness package which will be tailored to each specific company. Services will include: Personal Training, Nutrition, Chiropractic, Massage, Wellness Coaching, and a 5K/10K run series Elite Advantages With our current services of personal training, nutrition, and wellnessRead MoreFamily Entertainment Center ( Hffec )2200 Words  | 9 Pagesalso include an event-planning center for corporate meetings, retirement parties, holiday parties, employee parties, sales meetings, executive meetings, training programs, seminars, and team building. Business Description Vision Mission Statement: The mission at Havn Fun Family Entertainment Center is to focus on providing fun for the whole entire family no matter the age. We want to bring new affordable and accessible entertainment to the city of Beaumont year round with both indoor andRead More My Life as a Diabetic Essay2884 Words  | 12 Pagesenough insulin? How long can I go before I’ll need more proteinâ€â€one, two, three more hours? Is my blood sugar too high, should I exercise more to try and bring it down, or is it really too low? Does my body need sugar? Sometimes I know, sometimes I don’t. Every diabetic develops personal early warning signals for possible catastrophes. On one end of the spectrum, I have my â€Å"too high†signals: tiredness, grumpiness, fuzzy vision, loss of balance. This, of course, is all complemented by an intense
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Lesson Plan for Social Studies Class Grades 9-12 Free Essays
Unit Social Studies: The Civil War  Emancipation Experience Objective Through this lesson, the students will be able to:  1. Given a particular situation, recognize the period of history portrayed following the inquiry period.  2. We will write a custom essay sample on Lesson Plan for Social Studies Class Grades 9-12 or any similar topic only for you Order Now  Given a particular scenario, distinguish groups after the inquiry period.  3. Study and come into contact with changeable emotions of every group.  4. Examine and differentiate the differences in the lifestyle of every group.  5. Assume/imagine and identify with what life was like for Americans during that period. Rationale Hardly any event in mankind can measure up to the damage and destruction of war. However, nearly every generation of man cannot break away from its ongoing reality. Our country has also had its won share of experiences of war. Ever since our origin, with the American Revolutionary War, our country has already been at war. In addition, in our 200 plus years of survival there was one war that cannot be matched up to to any other war when measured in terms of devastation and American loss of lives  the American Civil War. Just like any civil war there is no winner- just a loser, as losses on both sides make up the entire loss of that nation. This lesson will try to look at the changes that occurred in the lives of Americans that were the outcome of this catastrophic war. Therefore, the rationale of this inquiry lesson is to provide students an affective encounter of the pre and post American Civil War incident on Americans- both Whites and Blacks (or northerners and southerners). Content Group activity using charts and internalizing the role of each groups involved in the Civil War. Procedures 1. By means of random, divide class into three (3) groups- A, B, C according to size. Group A (Slaves)      1/4 of class Group B (S. Whites) 1/4 of class Group C (N. Whites) 1/2 of class Note: Don’t inform the class what every group stand for. 2. Then instruct every member to name themselves utilizing a marker and a piece of tape. It must be visible. 3. Move desks apart from each other and split the classroom in half. Break up the room by means of putting tape on the floor. Area I will be shared by Groups A and B. Next, move desks so that 1/4 of area I is free of desks and chairs and then put newspapers on the floor. This area must be surrounded with tape.  4. Next, show Chart I to all the groups and inform them regarding each group’s location, food allotment, and movement as shown below: Chart I Group  Location                  Food Allotted                       Movement A   Sit on newspapers                   Plate of broken crackers        None B    Sit on chair in area I or II      Plate of whole crackers           Full (everywhere in the   classroom C    Sit on chair in area I or II      Plate of whole crackers           Full (everywhere in the classroom)  5. Start conducting Part I for a period of 5-10 minutes. Guide groups to their own location, their capability to move without restraint or none at all, and provide every group either whole or broken crackers on a plate to be shared with that group. Allow member of just groups B and C speak without restraint to one another. But let every group speak to each other.  6. End Part I. Show Chart II to the class, which contain as follows: Chart II Group  Location Food Allotted   Movement A    Chairs   Plate of broken crackers       Shaded area B    Chairs   Plate of broken crackers       Area I only C    Chairs   Plate of whole crackers        Area II only 7. After showing Chart II, direct the class to start conducting Part II for a period of five (5) minutes. At this time, movement or talking between groups B and C is prohibited since they should stay put in their particular areas (I or II). Then, take out 1/2 the members from group B and put them into a neutral corner where they would not be able to eat, speak, or move from their chairs. 8. End Part II. After the Part II activity, show Chart III explain to the class as follows: Chart III Group  Location    Food Allotted                      Movement A    Chairs       Plate of whole crackers        Full B    Chairs       None                                   Full C    Chairs       Plate of whole crackers        Full 9. After showing chart III, you can start conducting Part III for a period of five (5) minutes. Guide students just like what was done in Part I and Part II consistent with what is instructed in Chart III. Remove the shaded area. Do away with all tape placed on the floor. The groups can now freely move. But, Group B merely receives broken crackers. 10.  End Part III and the whole activity. Arrange the room to bring it back to its original order. Materials Masking tape, pen markers, chart paper/chalk board, newspapers, 5 packages saltines/crackers, and 3 paper plates. Assessment At the end of the activity, ask the students the following questions to assess their feelings and reactions about the activity: 1.  What can you say about this activity? Did you like it? If yes, why? If no, why not? 2. How did you feel about being in Group A, B, or C? 3. In your opinion, how did the groups differ from each other? 4. What do you think was the best group to be in? How about the worst group to be in? 5. What primary event in American History did this simulation describe? Answer: The American Civil War.  6. Who do you think did each group stand for? Answer: Group A. represented the Black Slaves Group B symbolized the White Southerners Group C stood for the White Northerners 7. What do you think did the headings in the charts symbolized? Answer: Location (floor or chairs) represented social status Food Alloted (either whole or broken crackers) symbolized economic status Movement (either full or restrained) symbolized political status 8. In your opinion, what did Parts I, II, III stood for? Answer: Part I stood for the Pre Civil War period Part II. represented the Civil War era  Part III represented the Post Civil War period 9. Consistent with the headings of the charts and what they symbolized, what can you say or notice about every group? Example: Compared to Groups B C, Group A was instructed to sit on the floor   symbolizing a lower social status, they also had to eat broken crackers representing a lower economic status, and were just limited to move in a particular area. Thus, Group A stood for the Black Slaves of the South. The, take note of the change in Group’s A status from Part I to Part III depicting the changes from the Pre to the Post Civil War period. Meanwhile, for Group B, in Part I, they were instructed to sit on chairs and eat whole crackers and also to move freely. Hence, it can be said that these activities symbolized good, economic, social, and political status. Nevertheless, in Part II they had be restricted to move outside of Area I since battle lines were established between the North and South. .Moreover, the South survived extreme devastation and destruction since most of the war happened there. This was represented when half of the group was pulled out and placed into a neutral area. Then, in Part III, social and political status were recovered as movement was not restricted and chairs were utilized. But their economic status turned negative, as symbolized by broken crackers because it experienced devastation and destruction of its factories and cities. Moreover, due to the closure of plantations and freedom of slaves, agriculture transformed and changed drastically. Then for Group C, all throughout the three parts (I, II, III), they enjoyed good economic, political, and social status since the war happened on southern soil thus the northern property was not destroyed. Rubric: Group Learning Activity Rubric A: Process Exceptional Admirable Acceptable Amateur  Exceptional Admirable Acceptable Amateur Group Participation Every member actively participate At least  ¾ of the members enthusiastically participate At least half of the members share their ideas Only one or two members enthusiastically participate Shared Responsibility Responsibility for task is equally shared among members Most group members share the responsibility Only  ½ of the group members share the responsibility The members depend only one member Quality of Interaction Members display excellent leadership and listening skills; in their discussions, members display awareness and knowledge of other’s ideas and opinions s During interaction, members exhibit adeptness; active discussion and interaction focuses on the task Members display some capability to interact; members listen attentively; there is some proof of discourse or alternative There is only little interaction; members converse briefly; some students show disinterest Roles within the Group every member was assigned a distinctly specified role; the group members execute roles successfully and effectively every member was assigned a role, however, roles are not clearly specified or systematically followed. Members were given roles to perform, however, roles were not consistently followed. No effort was shown to assign roles to every group member References Commager, H. (1982). The Story of the Civil War as Told by Participants. Fairfax Press,    1982. Jasmine, J. (1993) Portfolios and Other Assessments. California: Teacher Created     Materials. Rubistar. Create Your Rubric. Retrieved April 29, 2006 from          http://rubistar.4teachers.org Sass, E. Social Studies Lesson Plans and Resources. Retrieved April 29, 2006 from            http://www.cloudnet.com/~edrbsass/edsoc.htm How to cite Lesson Plan for Social Studies Class Grades 9-12, Essay examples
Saturday, May 2, 2020
Applied Ethics and Sustainability
Question: Explain Applied Ethics and Sustainability. Answer: Introduction: Although the privately owned companies work with the ulterior objective of profit maximization, they are always liable to the public to abide by certain rules of the society and ethical codes of conduct. As the eminent economist, Friedman, has already stated, that the private companies can adopt any strategy in order to enhance their profit level, but at the same time they must never compromise with the quality of the goods sold, nor can they spoil the ecological balance by dumping of wastes. Hence, business ethics should be adopted by an organization, so that it does not affect the ecological balance, or the socio-economic well-being of the world (Newton et al. 2014). Figure 1: The Three Pillars of Sustainability Pollution of the Global Commons and Sustainability: Ecological sustainability is a matter of great importance in todays world. Ecological balance implies an environmental condition, where the environment is full of diversity and productivity, and the ecosystem, with its sea, rivers, land , or climate does not pose any threat to the future sustainability of mankind. However, the global commons which include a variety of objects in the environment, starting with land, rivers, ponds, ecological animals, to valleys, and glaciers, have fallen prey to the tragedy of commons, in the words of Hardin. With the rapid growth of industries and technological advancement, the land, river, air are all contaminated at the same time, ultimately resulting in climatic aberrations such as Global Warming, Acid Rain, and depletion of the ozone layer of the atmosphere (McCormic et al. 2013). Industries as well as vehicles discharge extremely harmful and poisonous gases such as Nitrogen Oxide, Carbon Di Oxide , Sulphur Di oxide, Carbon Monoxide, etc. which c an not only lead to diseases such as Asthma and infertility, but birth defects among the humans (Vogler et al. 2014). Animals are equally affected by air pollution, as they consume high amount of toxins, while feeding on plants, which are contaminated, by toxins such as Mercury. Besides, the use of pesticides in the agricultural fields often run off and mix with the water, or the untreated sewage and industrial wastes are most carelessly dumped into the water bodies, which contaminates oceans, rivers and lakes. Apart from affecting humans, it directly harms the ecological sustainability by harming marine animals such as fishes. Littering the plastics products and polystyrene, carelessly in the environment, can also threat the question of sustainability as many animals, and birds may unknowingly consume these products, and hence this may block their intestine, resulting their death by either starvation or malnutrition. However, environmental balance is an important issue, as it provi des humankind with the basic resources to survive in the future. Hence, for retaining ecological sustainability, much steps are being taken. For example, the Environment Protection Agency, has already set up regulations, related to setting up a limit for an industry for the highest amount of emission per day, to charging factories in case the limit exceeds. Further, the EPA, has also recently made it mandatory for the automobiles to have pollution control services, such as catalytic contractors (Leslie et al. 2015). Most Significant Ethical Issues Concerning the Pollution of Global Commons: While speaking of environmental ethics, two important issues are to be dealt with- one being the relation between Man and Nature, and the second one is the relation between Man and Man. The question of preserving environmental sustainability becomes primarily important, solely because the environment is a stakeholder, and ultimate provider of life to all creatures on the planet. Further, the loss of biodiversity, the change in climate, or melting of glaciers, has an extremely negative and disastrous effect on humankind. The human life, itself is dependent on the natural resources, such as fresh air, healthy plants and drinking water, clean land, etc., and failing to preserve these resources in future, will threat the survival and sustainability of future generations. In the year of 1968, Hardin has already pointed out, how the global commons are being overused and exploited so much, that by the present time, there is a huge shortage of natural resources, and a shocking absence of a h ealthy ecosystem (Edenhofer et al. 2014). Recently, Climate Science is an emerging concept, which unveils the terrible fact, as to how the climate has disastrously been affected owing to reckless human activity through the process of industrialization. As the graph below suggests, over the years from the 19th century to the 20th century, there has been a remarkable soaring of temperature (Brown et al. 2013). Figure 2: Graph Showing the Rise in Global Temperature over the Years Because of the emission of harmful gases, such as CFC, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, the Ozone layer is depleted, which acts as the protector of Earth from the intense heat of the Sun. Consequently, the heat penetrates the atmosphere directly and increases the global temperature. Further, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration research, the year 2015 in fact was the warmest year, showing a huge rise in the annual temperature of the earth, and a melting of several glaciers across the world. Keeping into consideration, the huge instances disrupting ecological balance, it has become important to control the ill effects of pollution, by influencing the ethical attitude of human beings. Nowadays, people are being made more aware of the possible danger caused by environmental degradation, by making the study of EVS a mandate in school and college levels. The study of the subject from childhood helps in shaping the moral duty of the individual student towards the preserv ation of the ecological balance of the world. Apart from the Environment Day, celebrated on 5th June, countries like Australia celebrate School Tree Day, where the children are encouraged to actively participate in the process of environmental conservation. Environmental ethics as a new branch of study, focuses on two important questions: What should be the role of an individual to protect and conserve the environment? What steps and regulations should the government introduce to limit the process of reckless exploitation of natural resources? (Attfield et al. 2014) Already, the companies and the industries have to follow the environmental standards, that are being set up by the EPA authority. Some companies, due for emitting excessive amount of polluting gases, have installed machines for reduction of environmental pollution. It should be remembered that the present generation should never overuse the natural resources so much that they become unavailable or exhausted in future. Similarly, killing animal species, leading to their extinction, destruction of forests, can threaten the possibility of human survival in future. Besides, the Environmental Justice Movement of North Carolina stated that impoverished people are more likely to suffer from the pollution of Global Commons, and hence strict measures should be taken to protect their interests as well (Riordan 2014). Pollution of Global Commons and Business: Private companies are usually so much driven by their profit-seeking motives, that tey usually disregard the importance of sustaining the environment and preserving the ecological balance. A business organization, not only exploits and overuses the natural resources, but at the same time, disposes the remnants of their wastes, after use, resulting in the destruction of ecological sustainability. A business transaction may harm an entire species or a race, by contaminating the environment. For example, the industrial wastes discharged by the industries and factories, are dumped into the water, which contain toxins that can kill marine plants as well as fishes who feed on them. Because of this whole process, the anglers section of the society gets adversely affected (Downing et al. 2013). No matter, how much an industry leads to the economic development of a nation, it emits harmful gases, such as SO2, NOX, which not only leads to diseases, but also has adverse effects such as climate change, Global warming, increasing desertification problem, etc. Besides, when an industry transforms a raw material into a final product, it does so, by utilizing resources from nature, and overuse of resources, especially the non-renewable ones will lead to exhaustion. In order to continue the same growth of production in future, the industries must utilize the principle of 3Rs, which consist of reusing, remanufacturing and recycling the same product. This helps in preserving the natural resource, and prevents the possibility of environmental pollution through discharge of waste products and industrial wastes. A group of eminent scientists in the year of 2008, headed by Pavan Sukhdev, revealed that the total amount of environmental damage caused by the industries alone, sums up to a wh opping amount of $2.2 Trillion every year. If this kind of pollution is not controlled now, the future will be doomed. The words of Harlem Brandtland, should not be discarded, that the health of the human beings and that of the ecosystem are inseparable, and deterioration in one, will essentially affect the other (Heutel et al. 2012). Ethical and Sustainable Response to the Pollution of Global Commons: Since the success of a business organization will always depend on the efficient use of natural resources, an ethical attitude to the question of environmental sustainability is needed. Nowadays, with the growing interest among the private companies, in CSR, the private organizations are becoming more responsible in handling the environmental resources through their day-to- day business operations. For example, IT companies such as Cisco, has put enough emphasis on the importance of environmental sustainability. Cisco, in fact has aggressively set up targets before itself to control the total amount of emission, and in fact by the year 2012, it has already achieved two successive missions of reducing total GHG emissions. Starbucks, has also recently shown much interest in the idea of environmental sustainability by using low-flow water valves, and buying cabinetries which are made up mostly from post-industrial wastes. This idea of recycling and reusing, has also been utilized by E-b ay (Hocking et al. 2013). Introducing these CSR based initiatives, the companies can not only contribute to the ecosystem but also gain goodwill amidst the consumers. Besides, apart from the existent policies and regulations, the government of each country should take an active step for protecting the environment against the pollution of Global Commons. For example, the cost-benefit approach can be taken, whereby the government sets a limit for emission of gases, exceeding which the company has to pay tax. This will, to a great extent control the reckless business activities of the large organizations, who harm the environment to raise profits over a short period of time. Besides, the authorities such as EPA, already controls the total amount of pollutants emitted by the factories, and in case of excessive contamination, the companies are directed to install machines, which are energy efficient or can reduce the emission of gases (Zhang et al. 2016). Again, there should be a pricing mechanism system, where the places which have higher amounts of pollution, can impose higher amount of pollution price on the industries, while places with lower risk of pollution, can lower down the pollution tax. The idea of permits was already successful a step in reducing the pollution of the environment. Accordingly, a company will have to buy permits from the government, at higher price, which will beget the company the legal right to pollute the environment. There should be a limited number of permits, and re-selling of permits among the companies should be allowed. Above all, incentives should be provided to the companies, which succeed in reducing pollution. The EPA and other agencies, already offer rewards to such companies, which have voluntarily reduced the environmental pollution. The government, in fact can reward a company, not only through financial means, but also can provide financial assistance to the companies for installing pollution control machines (Vesilind et al. 2013). Conclusion: It is absolutely an unfair and selfish course of action, if the people of the present generation use up the resources and destroy the ecological balance, without thinking of the needs of preserving global commons, for the future generations. Usually people tend to believe that business authorities are obliged only to serve mankind, and non-human creatures are absolutely discarded in the process. Hence, everyone should be educated about the need of maintaining an ethical attitude towards the idea of environmental sustainability (Mckinnon et al. 2013). Reference List: Attfield, R., 2014.Environmental Ethics: An Overview for TheTwenty-First Century. John Wiley Sons. Brown, D.A., 2013. White paper on the ethical dimensions of climate change.Widener Law School Legal Studies Research Paper, (13-58). Carroll, A. and Buchholtz, A., 2014.Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. Downing, P.B. and Hanf, K.I. eds., 2013.International comparisons in implementing pollution laws. Springer Science Business Media. Edenhofer, O., Flachsland, C., Jakob, M. and Lessmann, K., 2013. The atmosphere as a global commonschallenges for International Cooperation and Governance.The Harvard Project on Climate Agreements DP,58. Heutel, G., 2012. How should environmental policy respond to business cycles? Optimal policy under persistent productivity shocks.Review of Economic Dynamics,15(2), pp.244-264. Hocking, M.B., 2013.Handbook of chemical technology and pollution control. Elsevier. Leslie, H.M., Basurto, X., Nenadovic, M., Sievanen, L., Cavanaugh, K.C., Cota-Nieto, J.J., Erisman, B.E., Finkbeiner, E., Hinojosa-Arango, G., Moreno-Bez, M. and Nagavarapu, S., 2015. Operationalizing the social-ecological systems framework to assess sustainability.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,112(19), pp.5979-5984. McCormick, J., 2013.Acid Earth: the global threat of acid pollution(Vol. 4). Routledge. McKinnon, A., Browne, M., Whiteing, A. and Piecyk, M. eds., 2015.Green logistics: Improving the environmental sustainability of logistics. Kogan Page Publishers. Newton, L., Etzion, D., Rasche, A. and Schuler, D., 2014. Special Issue On: Environmental Sustainability and Business: Crisis or Opportunity?.Business Ethics Quarterly,24(02), pp.300-302. O'Riordan, T., 2014.Environmental science for environmental management. Routledge. Preston, C.J., 2013. Ethics and geoengineering: reviewing the moral issues raised by solar radiation management and carbon dioxide removal.Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change,4(1), pp.23-37. Vesilind, P.A., Peirce, J.J. and Weiner, R.F., 2013.Environmental pollution and control. Elsevier. Vogler, J., 2012. 13 Studying the global commons: governance without politics?.Handbook of Global Environmental Politics, p.172. Zhang, H., Wang, S., Hao, J., Wang, X., Wang, S., Chai, F. and Li, M., 2016. Air pollution and control action in Beijing.Journal of Cleaner Production,112, pp.1519-1527.
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