Sunday, January 26, 2020

Ergonomic Factors in Workplace Accidents

Ergonomic Factors in Workplace Accidents Critically evaluate the ergonomic factors that may lead to incidents or accidents in the workplace environment. You should make reference to relevant examples where appropriate. It is essential that you research the current scientific literature on this subject and that you use this literature to support your critical discussion throughout. Introduction Ergonomics (Ahonen, M., Launis, M., Kuorinka, T.,1989) is a branch of engineering science, it accords the factors such as peoples psychology, people’s physiology, and body structure to design the hand tools, machines, households accessories, etc., in order to guarantee peoples security, work healthily, comfortably, and satisfied working results. Ergonomics has absorbed the extensive knowledge contents of natural science and social science; During World War II, because of the production of various modern weapons, designers must consider the users physiology and psychological characteristic conscientiously, and study how to make the machine in conformity with peoples ability limit and characteristic, thus the â€Å"ergonomics† has produced. Today, the ergonomics designs are widely used in the world (Alexander, D., Rabourn, R., 2001). In the study of â€Å"ergonomics†, the size of every part of human body, the persons vision and normal physiological value of the sense of hearing, the posture when people are working, human scope of activities, movement rhythm and speed, the muscle intensity, all are recorded (Bailey, R. W., 1989). Since those labor condition would causes the tire, fatigue, small amount damage to human body. Furthermore, the workplace environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, sound, vibration, illumination, color, smell of the environment are also a study area in ergonomics. Because those environmental conditions also causes the tire, fatigue, small amount damage to human body (Chengalur, S.N., Rodgers, S.H., Bernard, T.E., 2003). The study on peoples working behavior and produce various factors of the behavioral difference in ergonomic; these factors can be drawn together. It includes subjective factors such as age, gender, personal intelligence, culture engineering level, working interest and working motive, personality characteristic, working mood, etc. At the same time, the Ergonomics expert/researcher also study the social factor of living in objective factors such as the environment, equipment performance, condition of work, etc. These factors make peoples has a difference to the intensity of adaptation to various hand tools, fixture, machine, or equipment (Eastman Kodak Company, 2003). . Ergonomic Related Injury Ergonomic injuries include Repetitive Motion Injuries (RMIs), Repetitive Stress Injuries (RSIs), Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs), Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs), or Cumulative Trauma Injuries (CTIs) (Armstrong, T. J., Kilbom, A., Violante, F. , 2000) (Arndt, R., Putz-Anderson, V. , 2002). The Ergonomic injuries (Hancock, P. A., Desmond, P. A., 2000). normally caused by the presence of ergonomic related risk factors (Aghazadeh, F.,1994), they are: Vibration: People uses impact tools or vibrating equipment. Awkward Body Postures: maintaining awkward or fixed or posture without any support such as twisting, reaching, or bending. Repetition: the people doing the same and repetitive motions for a long time. Force: The pressure applied to any part of human body while working such as gripping a hand tool, pulling, lifting, or pushing, pulling. Contact Stress: pressure applied to any soft tissues of human body while working such as the as the wrist pressed by sharp edges or hand tools. Exposure to heat or cold It is often these risk factors over time can lead to combinations of pain, injury and disability when people may cause injury, sustained exposure to ergonomic risk factors (Alston, G. (2003). Single event may place a stressed body tissues, but the exposure is too low bruises. Over time, the soft tissue or human body has the ability to recover. Repeated exposure to these risk factors, it may interfere with the bodys normal healing process, resulting in a disproportionate response, and lead to cause harm to humans (Alli, B. O., 2001). Ergonomic injury or MSD can affect the muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage and intervertebral discs. They can be directly or indirectly related to job duties or work environment. Non- work activities and the environment will also affect the MSD. For example, the general staff may spend 6-8 hours a days computer work. With features such as online shopping, paying bills online, and sends the emails. The employee may spend 2-4 hours daily supplement his or her personal computer for sending and receiving e-mail. When the steps we spend more and more time each day on the computer , we have taken to ensure that our computers ( both in work and at home ) is set up to prevent these musculoskeletal disorders is imperative (Ayoub, M. M., Mital, A.,1989). Ergonomics is in already using various products, facility and production system extensively in the mechanical industry (Auburn Engineers, 1993). For example, driving car is an integration of people machine environmental system, driver should first find out about environment (rate of traffic flow, stream of people, traffic light, and sign) and status of car such as speed, engine temperature, pressure, oil level, etc. The driver has interaction with car control system for perfect driving. In addition to make the driver drive car with safe and comfortable, driver should adjust drivers seat. Furthermore, the vehicle designer should follow the human measurements, physiology, psychological characteristics while designing the car. 3. Example of Improvement of Screw Driver Design in Accordance with Ergonomics Rule Screwdriver is one of the most frequently used hand tools now, no matter is nearly indispensable tool in the factory or family, but when a person use screwdrivers, its main purpose may be to fasten into and back-out the screw, the homework involves the repetitiveness work of the hand, it crook back of especially wrist (Backs, R. W., Boucsein, W., 2000), palm crooking etc. The People/workers frequently use of screwdriver is easily to cause the accumulating muscle skeleton injuring or hand injury such as Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). For general screwdriver, it is a combination of a handle, a shaft, and a tip. The tip can be inserted into the head of the screw to fasten it into or back-out from a board, or wall. Figure 1. Screwdriver Design Before Improvement Figure 2. Screwdriver Design After improvement According to ergonomics, the new screwdriver design make the shaft with more greatly spraining strength, and then let user feel comfortable to hold the screwdriver and efficiency in use (Bahr, N. J., 1997) (Campbell, A., 2000). The ergonomics design includes the change of materials of handle. Use rubbery material to replace hard plastic or metal. The soft rubbery material provides strong friction between the handle of screwdriver and hand to prevent the slip whiles the use. The size and shape of handle should also be changed. In accordance with ergonomics, the size and shape of handle should fit the human wrist. It makes the people easily to hold the screwdriver with more comfortable and less fatigue (Green, J., 1997). The result of modification of screwdriver designs (based on ergonomic rules) is: (1)Increase the comfortableness when screwdrivers are held. (2)Flexibility degree, efficiency and torsion increasing while the use of screwdriver. (3)Reduce the probability of accumulating injury of the hand. 4. Example of Improvement of Computer Desk in Accordance with Ergonomics Rule According to the literature, there are a considerable number of computer operators complain about the long-term use of computer generated body discomfort, Including eye irritation affected eye feel pressure, keyboard or desk height not suitable for the operator and cause limbs stiff, these can lead to injury or damage to persons of the body, not only affect their health, but also reduce the work efficiency (Hanna, S. R., Konz, S., 2004). In accordance with ergonomics rules (Barling, J., Frone, M. R., 2004), computer desk should be designed to have a tilt angle, it allowing users to use the computer in the long term (Haas, E., Edworthy, J., 2003), and feel more comfortable in sitting job. The improved design also increases the work efficiency, but user doesn’t feel more burden or fatigue. In addition, the height and angle of desktop computer desk, with height and angle of display platform can also be adjustable to fit the body size of user (Anshel, J., 2005). Easy adjustable desktop computer desk, it allows users to feel more comfortable with less fatigue while the use of desk top computer (Grandjean, E., 1992). Source: http://www.cbs.state.or.us/osha/pdf/ergo/ergoadvantages.pdf Figure 3. Comfortable Setting of Computer Desk The improvement of desk top computer desk design in accordance with ergonomics rules can benefits users as follows: (1) The user can easily adjust the height and angle of desktop computer desk, it make user more comfortable while use of desktop computer. (2) The improvement of desktop computer desk design can reduce the burden/fatigue on the user shoulders, neck, and other parts of the elbow while long-term use of desktop computer. (3) The improvement of desktop computer desk design can reduce the eye fatigue while user long-term faced the monitor. 5. Example of Improvement of the Use of Portable Computer/Note Book Computer in Accordance with Ergonomics Rule Portable application of computer (Note Book Computer) is already quite popular as desk top computer, especially note book computer is easy to carry and place on the office table and play as desk top computer. More companies encourage the employee to use of note book computer instead of traditional desk top computer. But, based on the characteristic of the portable computer/note book computer in the design, for example, the keyboard and screen cannot separated from the computer, the user is often difficult to keep the good working posture while working. In long-term cases, it may cause muscle and bones straining or other relevant health problems. The improvement for the use of note book computer is needed. User or employee should follow the principles as much as possible while using the portable computer to work: Place the screen in front of the user Keeping the height of screen is the same as users sight height as much as possible (Anshel, J., 1998), or the screen is only lower than user sight height slightly (portable computer/note book computer normally placed on desk and then the screen being higher than the level of the tabletop) User should takes distance of 350-600 millimeters to the screen of portable computer/note book computer (display screen of 14 inches relatively takes distance of 400 millimeters) User can easily change the slope of screen and then cater to the users need User should avoid viewing the screen near window or other light sources The text size should be large, word distance and row spacing should be enough. Use the wrist or mouse cushion Platform for Portable Computer/Note Book Computer shelf /platform The employer should provide platform or screen support frame for note book computer user. This can help user to adjust the height of screen at users sight level. External keyboard and mouse The employer should provide ergonomics compatible external keyboard and mouse to note book computer user. It makes user, more comfortable and less fatigue (Jacko, J. A., Sears, A., 2003). Under many circumstances, external keyboard and mouse are the important accessories for portable computers user in the office. The following are suggestions of the external keyboard: The keyboard is thinner as much as possible, it is much better if the angle of keyboard can be adjusted in order to facilitate the user under different working conditions and postures (Vink, P., 2005); Word and symbol on the keyboard should be known and easy to recognize; There are enough spaces that offered support for hand in front of the keyboard.

Saturday, January 18, 2020

Part IV, Current Procedural Terminology Essay

This chapter provides an overview of the CPT Surgery section and covers its guidelines. The chapter also focuses on the CPT Surgery General and Integumentary System subsections. Lesson Objective Define key terms. Explain the organization, format, and content of the CPT Surgery section. Interpret CPT surgery section guidelines and modifiers. Interpret CPT surgery coding notes for the General and Integumentary System subsections. Assign CPT surgery codes from the General and Integumentary System subsections. Add CPT and/or HCPCS level II modifiers to codes as appropriate. Surgery Section Organization The Surgery section is the largest section in CPT and its subsections are organized anatomically. Selecting the appropriate surgery code requires a careful review of the patient record to determine the procedures and services provided. The basic organization of the Surgery section is by major body system, with headings and subheadings based on anatomic site and/or type of procedure. The CPT Surgical Package Definition See pages 481-482 of the 3-2-1 Code It! text; What services are always included? Read the Surgery Guidelines at the beginning of the Surgery Section in the CPT code book. Surgical Modifiers If services are provided by more than one physician, what modifiers do you use? When do you use them? Read about unusual services and treatments. What is the modifier to show unusual services? When do you use it? Find the modifier for a separate procedure. What is the definition of separate procedure? What modifier would you use to show a distinct procedural service? Integumentary System Integumentary procedures include incision, biopsy removal, paring/curettement, shaving, destruction, excision, repair, adjacent tissue rearrangements, grafts, flaps, and specialized services. Refer to the definitions of surgical terms in the textbook.

Friday, January 10, 2020

Analyzing the argument surrounding Vicky and Ying Ying

Analyzing the argument surrounding Vicky and Ying Ying, I do adhere to the arguments pointed out by Vicky concerning the capacity of crime mapping to be used as an instrument towards harnessing opportunities for resolving crime. Under this particular scenario, Ying Ying only asserts the corresponding threats of leakage and information breach that criminals can use in order to achieve their plans of action.However, there are limited areas that explain how it can be harmful within the scope of policing. Seeing this, by actively providing minor adjustments in the process of crime mapping, information security, and analysis of data, the process can indeed be further utilized as a means to convey means to reach out in the causes of crime and the corresponding trends shaping individual or group behavior.At the same time, the ability to outline specific means to categorize behaviors help law enforcement agencies to point out valid arguments concerning location, intent, and actions among cri minals who operate in a particular location. This is important in developing key strategies on areas that can explore new directions towards encouraging citizens to become responsive to the needs of the community and participate in the crime-reduction process by utilizing new patterns related to crime fighting, communication, and information sharing within local authorities.

Thursday, January 2, 2020

Benefits of Travelling on Human Understanding and Communication

Benefits of Travelling on Human Understanding and Communication All of us are born in a family, which lives in a certain country at a specific point of time. Our outlook and perspective in life are largely shaped by the environment, in which we live. The inputs we have in our life would determine what kind of people we grow up to become. What goes into our minds can greatly influence what comes out of it later. No matter where a person is born and raised up, a wide exposure to other cultures and lands would have a profound influence on having the right perspective of the world around us. For instance, people who are born in a rich and affluent country will never be aware of the poverty and misery that people in poorer nations go through. Of course, they might see pictures or news reports on TV of poor people in some third world nation, but those few minutes may not make a large impact on their lives. But if they travel to those countries and have first-hand experience of the living conditions in those regions, then their outlook on life itself would change. In fact, many people, who go through such experiences, come back with a much greater appreciation for the comforts and the kind of lifestyle that they enjoy in their own country. Likewise, people in underdeveloped nations need to be exposed to the advancements in developed countries, so that their minds were not limited by the restrictions imposed by their poverty. There are many grant programs that enable students from third world countries study in the developed nations of the world. They need to make use of this wonderful opportunity to develop their resources and expand the limits of their mind. This kind of mutual exposure would go a long way in promoting understanding between peoples of different cultures, races and languages. Travel can therefore promote understanding and communication between the different nations of the world.